Valuable, and wrapped into Stories. Each chapter focuses on one of these
principles. These chapters bring together research and examples to show the
science behind each principle and how individuals, companies, and
organizations have applied the principles to help their products, ideas, and
behaviors catch on.
These principles can be compacted into an acronym. Taken together they
spell STEPPS. Think of the principles as the six STEPPS to crafting
contagious content. These ingredients lead ideas to get talked about and
succeed. People talked about the hundred-dollar cheesesteak at Barclay
Prime because it gave them Social Currency, was Triggered (high
frequency of cheesesteaks in Philadelphia), Emotional (very surprising),
Practically Valuable (useful information about high-quality steakhouse),
and wrapped in a Story. Enhancing these components in messages,
products, or ideas will make them more likely to spread and become
popular. I hope that ordering the principles this way will make them easier
to remember and use.
**
The book is designed with two (overlapping) audiences in mind. You
may have always wondered why people gossip, why online content goes
viral, why rumors spread, or why everyone always seems to talk about
certain topics around the water cooler. Talking and sharing are some of our
most fundamental behaviors. These actions connect us, shape us, and make
us human. This book sheds light on the underlying psychological and
sociological processes behind the science of social transmission.
This book is also designed for people who want their products, ideas, and
behaviors to spread. Across industries, companies big and small want their
products to become popular. The neighborhood coffee shop wants more
customers, lawyers want more clients, movie theaters want more patrons,
and bloggers want more views and shares. Nonprofits, policy makers,
scientists, politicians, and many other constituencies also have “products”
or ideas that they want to catch on. Museums want more visitors, dog
shelters want more adoptions, and conservationists want more people to
rally against deforestation.
Whether you’re a manager at a big company, a small business owner
trying to boost awareness, a politician running for office, or a health official
trying to get the word out, this book will help you understand how to make
your products and ideas more contagious. It provides a framework and a set
of specific, actionable techniques for helping information spread—for
engineering stories, messages, advertisements, and information so that
people will share them. Regardless of whether those people have ten friends
or ten thousand. And regardless of whether they are talkative and
persuasive or quiet and shy.
This book provides cutting-edge science about how word of mouth and
social transmission work. And how you can leverage them to make your
products and ideas succeed.
*
When I use the word “viral” in this book, I mean something that is more likely to spread from one
person to another. The analogy to diseases is a good one, but only up to a point. Diseases also spread
from person to person, but one key difference is the expected length of the transmission chain. One
person can easily be the initiator of a disease that spreads to a few people, and then from them to a
few more people, and so on, until a large number of people have been infected, solely due to that
initial individual. Such long chains, however, may be less common with products and ideas (Goel,
Watts, and Goldstein 2012). People often share products and ideas with others, but the likelihood that
one person generates an extremely long chain may be small. So when I say that doing X will make an
idea more viral, for example, I mean that it will be more likely to spread from one person to another,
regardless of whether it eventually generates a long chain or “infects” an entire population.
**
Note, however, that the recipe analogy breaks down in one respect. The principles are unlike a
recipe because not all six ingredients are required to make a product or idea contagious. Sure, the
more the better, but it’s not as though a product that is Public will fail because it’s not wrapped in a
Story. So think of these principles less like a recipe and more like tasty salad toppings. Cobb salads,
for example, often come with chicken, tomato, bacon, egg, avocado, and cheese. But a salad with just
cheese and bacon is still delicious. The principles are relatively independent, so you can pick and
choose whichever ones you want to apply.
Some of the principles are easier to apply to certain types of ideas or initiatives. Nonprofits
usually have a good sense of how to evoke Emotion, and it’s often easier to play up Public visibility
for products or behaviors that have a physical component. That said, contagious content often comes
from applying principles that originally might have seemed unlikely. Heavy-duty blenders already
have Practical Value, but Will It Blend? went viral because it found a way to give a blender Social
Currency. The video showed how a seemingly regular product was actually quite remarkable.
1. Social Currency
Among the brownstones and vintage shops on St. Mark’s Place near
Tompkins Square Park in New York City, you’ll notice a small eatery. It’s
marked by a large red hot-dog-shaped sign with the words “eat me” written
in what looks like mustard. Walk down a small flight of stairs and you’re in
a genuine old hole-in-the-wall hot dog restaurant. The long tables are set
with all your favorite condiments, you can play any number of arcade-style
video games, and, of course, order off a menu to die for.
Seventeen varieties of hot dogs are offered. Every type of frankfurter you
could imagine. The Good Morning is a bacon-wrapped hot dog smothered
with melted cheese and topped with a fried egg. The Tsunami has teriyaki,
pineapple, and green onions. And purists can order the New Yorker, a
classic grilled all-beef frankfurter.
But look beyond the gingham tablecloths and hipsters enjoying their
dogs. Notice that vintage wooden phone booth tucked into the corner? The
one that looks like something Clark Kent might have dashed into to change
into Superman? Go ahead, peek inside.
You’ll notice an old-school rotary dial phone hanging on the inside of the
booth, the type that has a finger wheel with little holes for you to dial each
number. Just for kicks, place your finger in the hole under the number 2
(ABC). Dial clockwise until you reach the finger stop, release the wheel,
and hold the receiver to your ear.
To your astonishment, someone answers. “Do you have a reservation?” a
voice asks. A reservation?
Yes, a reservation. Of course you don’t have one. What would you even
need a reservation for? A phone booth in the corner of a hot dog restaurant?
But today is your lucky day, apparently: they can take you. Suddenly, the
back of the booth swings open—it’s a secret door!—and you are let into a
clandestine bar called, of all things, Please Don’t Tell.
—————
In 1999, Brian Shebairo and his childhood friend Chris Antista decided
to get into the hot dog business. The pair had grown up in New Jersey
eating at famous places like Rutt’s Hut and Johnny & Hanges and wanted to
bring that same hot dog experience to New York City. After two years of R
& D, riding their motorcycles up and down the East Coast tasting the best
hot dogs, Brian and Chris were ready. On October 6, 2001, they opened Crif
Dogs in the East Village. The name coming from the sound that poured out
of Brian’s mouth one day when he tried to say Chris’s name while still
munching on a hot dog.
Crif Dogs was a big hit and won the best hot dog award from a variety of
publications. But as the years passed, Brian was looking for a new
challenge. He wanted to open a bar. Crif Dogs had always had a liquor
license but had never taken full advantage of it. He and Chris had
experimented with a frozen margarita machine, and kept a bottle of
Jägermeister in the freezer every once in a while, but to do it right they
really needed more space. Next door was a struggling bubble tea lounge.
Brian’s lawyer said that if they could get the space, the liquor license would
transfer. After three years of consistent prodding, the neighbor finally gave
in.
But now came the tough part. New York City is flush with bars. In a four-
block radius around Crif Dogs there are more than sixty places to grab a
drink. A handful are even on the same block. Originally, Brian had a grungy
rock-and-roll bar in mind. But that wouldn’t cut it. The concept needed be
something more remarkable. Something that would get people talking and
draw them in.
One day Brian ran into a friend who had an antique business. A big
outdoor flea market selling everything from art deco dressers to glass eyes
and stuffed cheetahs. The guy said he had found a neat old 1930s phone
booth that he thought would work well in Brian’s bar.
Brian had an idea.
When Brian was a kid, his uncle worked as a carpenter. In addition to
helping to build houses and the usual things that carpenters do, the uncle
built a room in the basement that had secret doors. The doors weren’t even
that concealed, just wood that meshed into other wood, but if you pushed in
the right place, you could get access to a hidden storage space. No secret
lair or loot concealed inside, but cool nonetheless.
Brian decided to turn the phone booth into the door to a secret bar.
—————
Everything about Please Don’t Tell suggests that you’ve been let into a
very special secret. You won’t find a sign posted on the street. You won’t
find it advertised on billboards or in magazines. And the only entrance is
through a semihidden phone booth inside a hot dog diner.
Of course, this makes no sense. Don’t marketers preach that blatant
advertising and easy access are the cornerstones of a successful business?
Please Don’t Tell has never advertised. Yet since opening in 2007 it has
been one of the most sought-after drink reservations in New York City. It
takes bookings only the day of, and the reservation line opens at 3:00 p.m.,
sharp. Spots are first-come, first-served. Callers madly hit redial again and
again in the hopes of cutting through the busy signals. By 3:30 all spots are
booked.
Please Don’t Tell doesn’t push market. It doesn’t try to hustle you in the
door or sell you with a flashy website. It’s a classic “discovery brand.” Jim
Meehan, the wizard behind Please Don’t Tell’s cocktail menu, designed the
customer experience with that goal in mind. “The most powerful marketing
is personal recommendation,” he said. “Nothing is more viral or infectious
than one of your friends going to a place and giving it his full
recommendation.” And what could be more remarkable than watching two
people disappear into the back of a phone booth?
—————
In case it’s not already clear, here’s a little secret about secrets: they tend
not to stay secret very long.
Think about the last time someone shared a secret with you. Remember
how earnestly she begged you not to tell a soul? And remember what you
did next?
Well, if you’re like most people, you probably went and told someone
else. (Don’t be embarrassed, your secret is safe with me.) As it turns out, if
something is supposed to be secret, people might well be more likely to talk
about it. The reason? Social currency.
People share things that make them look good to others.
MINTING A NEW TYPE OF CURRENCY
Kids love art projects. Whether drawing with crayons, gluing elbow
macaroni to sheets of construction paper, or building elaborate sculptures
out of recyclables, they revel in the joy of making things. But whatever the
type of project, media, or venue, kids all seem to do the same thing once
they are finished.
They show someone else.
“Self-sharing” follows us throughout our lives. We tell friends about our
new clothing purchases and show family members the op-ed piece we’re
sending to the local newspaper. This desire to share our thoughts, opinions,
and experiences is one reason social media and online social networks have
become so popular. People blog about their preferences, post Facebook
status updates about what they ate for lunch, and tweet about why they hate
the current government. As many observers have commented, today’s
social-network-addicted people can’t seem to stop sharing—what they
think, like, and want—with everyone, all the time.
Indeed, research finds that more than 40 percent of what people talk
about is their personal experiences or personal relationships. Similarly,
around half of tweets are “me” focused, covering what people are doing
now or something that has happened to them. Why do people talk so much
about their own attitudes and experiences?
It’s more than just vanity; we’re actually wired to find it pleasurable.
Harvard neuroscientists Jason Mitchell and Diana Tamir found that
disclosing information about the self is intrinsically rewarding. In one
study, Mitchell and Tamir hooked subjects up to brain scanners and asked
them to share either their own opinions and attitudes (“I like
snowboarding”) or the opinions and attitudes of another person (“He likes
puppies”). They found that sharing personal opinions activated the same
brain circuits that respond to rewards like food and money. So talking about
what you did this weekend might feel just as good as taking a delicious bite
of double chocolate cake.
In fact, people like sharing their attitudes so much that they are even
willing to pay money to do it. In another study, Tamir and Mitchell asked
people to complete a number of trials of a basic choice task. Participants
could choose either to hang out for a few seconds or answer a question
about themselves (such as “How much do you like sandwiches?”) and share
it with others. Respondents made hundreds of these quick choices. But to
make it even more interesting, Tamir and Mitchell varied the amount that
people got paid for choosing a particular option. In some trials people could
get paid a couple of cents more for choosing to wait for a few seconds. In
others they could get paid a couple of cents more for choosing to self-
disclose.
The result? People were willing to forgo money to share their opinions.
Overall, they were willing to take a 25 percent pay cut to share their
thoughts. Compared with doing nothing for five seconds, people valued
sharing their opinion at just under a cent. This puts a new spin on an old
maxim. Maybe instead of giving people a penny for their thoughts, we
should get paid a penny for listening.
—————
It’s clear that people like to talk about themselves, but what makes people
talk about some of their thoughts and experiences more than others?
Play a game with me for a minute. My colleague Carla drives a minivan.
I could tell you many other things about her, but for now, I want to see how
much you can deduce based solely on the fact that she drives a minivan.
How old is Carla? Is she twenty-two? Thirty-five? Fifty-seven? I know you
know very little about her, but try to make an educated guess.
Does she have any kids? If so, do they play sports? Any idea what sports
they play?
Once you’ve made a mental note of your guesses, let’s talk about my
friend Todd. He’s a really cool guy. He also happens to have a Mohawk.
Any idea what he’s like? How old he is? What type of music he likes?
Where he shops?
I’ve played this game with hundreds of people and the results are always
the same. Most people think Carla is somewhere between thirty and forty-
five years old. All of them—yes, 100 percent—believe she has kids. Most
are convinced those kids play sports, and almost everyone who believes that
guesses that soccer is the sport of choice. All that from a minivan.
Now Todd. Most people agree that he’s somewhere between fifteen and
thirty. The majority guess that he’s into some sort of edgy music, whether
punk, heavy metal, or rock. And almost everyone thinks he buys vintage
clothes or shops at some sort of surf/skate store. All this from a haircut.
Let’s be clear. Todd doesn’t have to listen to edgy music or shop at Hot
Topic. He could be fifty-three years old, listen to Beethoven, and buy his
clothes at any other place he wanted. It’s not like Gap would bar the door if
he tried to buy chinos.
The same thing is true of Carla. She could be a twenty-two-year-old riot
grrrl who plays drums and believes kids are for the boring bourgeoisie.
But the point is that we didn’t think those things about Carla and Todd.
Rather, we all made similar inferences because choices signal identity.
Carla drives a minivan, so we assumed she was a soccer mom. Todd has a
Mohawk, so we guessed he’s a young punk-type guy. We make educated
guesses about other people based on the cars they drive, the clothes they
wear, and the music they listen to.
What people talk about also affects what others think of them. Telling a
funny joke at a party makes people think we’re witty. Knowing all the info
about last night’s big game or celebrity dance-off makes us seem cool or in
the know.
So, not surprisingly, people prefer sharing things that make them seem
entertaining rather than boring, clever rather than dumb, and hip rather than
dull. Consider the flip side. Think about the last time you considered
sharing something but didn’t. Chances are you didn’t talk about it because it
would have made you (or someone else) look bad. We talk about how we
got a reservation at the hottest restaurant in town and skip the story about
how the hotel we chose faced a parking lot. We talk about how the camera
we picked was a Consumer Reports Best Buy and skip the story about how
the laptop we bought ended up being cheaper at another store.
Word of mouth, then, is a prime tool for making a good impression—as
potent as that new car or Prada handbag. Think of it as a kind of currency.
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