Concepts of Sociolinguistic Competence

GLOSSARY
Accusative case - The case of the direct object or prepositional object, only visible on pronouns in English, e.g. me, in He saw me, also called the objective case.
Agreement - formal relation between two elements, so the form of one element is required to correspond with the form of the other.
Ambiguity/ambiguous - Word (lexical ambiguity) or sentence (structural ambiguity) with more than one meaning.
Analogy- Something, e.g. a verbal ending, may be compared to another similar ending and changed to make it more similar.
Analytic - Of a language, grammatical information comes in the form of separate words not of endings on nouns and verbs.
Anglo-Norman – the variety of French spoken by those who invaded England at the time of the Norman Conquest, and their descendants.
Antecedent - What a pronoun refers to, e.g. the noun that a relative pronoun such as who refers to in the man who(m) I saw. Antecedent is used more generally though for any pronoun that refers to a noun.
Apposition - The second part of Tegucigalpa, the capital of Honduras. It rephrases the first and provides extra information; similar to a non‐restrictive relative clause.
Case - In English, case is only visible on pronouns. Thus, she in She saw me has nominative case, i.e. is used in subject position, and me has accusative or objective case, i.e. is used in object position.
Clause- Unit containing a lexical verb, see also main clause, subordinate clause.
Celtic – one of the branches of Indo-European, from which are descended, amongst others, the present-day languages Breton, Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic and Welsh.

REFERENCES

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   Alatis, J. E. (1994). Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics (GURT). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   
2. 
   Coelho, E. & Rivers, D. (2004). Adding English: A Guide to Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms. Ontario, CA: Pippin Publishing Corporation.
   
3. 
   Gardner, R. C. (2012). Second Language Acquisition: A Social Psychological Perspective. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   
4. 
   Gumperz, J. J. (2011). Language in Social Groups. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   
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   Igbokwe, J. (2011). A Broken Mission: Nigeria’s Failed Diplomacy in the Philippines and the Fight for Justice and Embassy Reform. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse.
   
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   Lantolf, J. & S. L. Thorne (2007). Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   
7. 
   Markee, N. (2015). The Handbook of Classroom Discourse and Interaction.Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
   
8. 
   Vejcer, A. D. (1986). Contemporary Sociolinguistics: Theory, Problems, Methods. Amsterdam, NLD: John Benjamins Publishing Company.