The XXXVI International Scientific Symposium "Multidisciplinary Studies of the Turkish World" The 25 th of March 2023 ISBN: 978-605-72481-0-7 Eskishehir / Türkiye ---167---
with Russia and Iran to fill the void. At the same time, Turkey, which re-examined its relations with Israel,
decided to restore diplomatic relations with Israel after a few years. Against the background of these events,
many researchers began to note that Turkey has already given up the policy of "New Ottomanism" and is
pursuing a policy of “Realpolitik”.
It is appropriate to rely on the views of the realist school of international relations in order to better
understand Turkey's modern "Realpolitik" policy. Realism takes its roots from the works of "Peloponnesian
War" by Thucydides', “Prince” by N. Machiavelli, “Leviathan” by T. Hobbs and others. Hans Morgenthau,
one of the most prominent political scholars of the 20th century, notes in his work "Politics Among Nations"
that ethical norms are inappropriate in international relations and that domestic policy is different from foreign
policy. According to Morgenthau, international relations is a power struggle, which means that states must
maximize their power in order to survive in the anarchic system of international relations. States cooperate and
form alliances with other states to secure their interests. According to Morgenthau, the military, political,
economic, technological, geographical, cultural, psychological and other aspects of power are related to each
other (Morgenthau, 2005, pp.30-31). States use force to ensure their security and sometimes to increase their
prestige by demonstrating their power. Turkey's use of military force in modern times (operations in Syria and
Iraq) can be linked to ensuring its security against terrorist groups in the region and increasing its prestige in
the region. This explains, that Turkey's modern foreign policy can be related to realism (Yılmaz, 2013, p.142).
According to realism, the main actors of the international system are states and the main goal of the
state is to protect its interests and survive in the anarchic international system (Kegley, 1993, p. 22-25). The
main interests of the states are considered their national security, and if there are any threat to national security,
states are trying to eliminate this threat. Turkey's modern foreign policy is mainly focused on ensuring national
security as well. The threat of terrorism in the region after the Syrian crisis, forced Turkey to conduct various
military operations in neighboring countries in order to ensure its national interests. Turkey's main goal in
various operations such as Euphrates Shiled (2016), Olive Branch (2018) and Peace Spring (2019) was to clean
the region from terrorism and establish the safe zone in the north of Syrian for refugees. The issue of refugees
who fled to Turkey as the result of the conflict in Syria is one of the key concerns of Turkey's national security.
According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, about 3.6 million Syrian refugees are currently in
Turkey. Settlement of these refugees in Turkey triggers political, economic, social problems and difficulties.
Another goal of abovementioned military operations was to defeat ISIS and to fill the lacuna in the region after
the withdrawal of the United States from Syria to prevent the strengthening of PYD / YPG groups affiliated
with the terrorist organization called PKK. Turkey did not limit these operations only to Syria and conducted
"Claw operations" in northern Iraq to combat terrorism there (Aslan, 2019, p.8).
In the 70s, a new wing of realism, neo-realism or structural realism, emerged as a new theory
explaining international relations. The founder of this paradigm was Kenneth Waltz. According to Waltz,
unlike classical realists, the behavior of states is not determined by their human nature, but by the structure of
the international system. The anarchic nature of the international system and the absence of a unified world
government forces states to take various steps to survive. According to Waltz, the international system is a
struggle for power, wealth and security. The anarchic nature of the system increases the uncertainty between
states. Under such conditions of uncertainty, states strive to survive and therefore to gain power. If we relate
this thesis to the Middle East region, then we can witness that the current dynamics and uncertainty determines
the foreign policy course of the states in the Middle East as well. The frequent occurrence of conflicts and wars
in the region forces regional actors to conduct policy of "Realpolitik” under the conditions of anarchy and
uncertainty. Every state tries to survive in the conditions of anarchy and uncertainty, that is, to ensure its
national security, and the way to do this is to maximize power and demonstrate this power when necessary.
Unlike other realists, K. Waltz argues, that states do not necessarily seek to acquire power as the desire for
absolute power can result in other states becoming concerned about the intentions of the great power and
making efforts to increase their own power in response. Therefore, according to Waltz, the main task of states
is not to increase their power, but to maintain their current position in the international system (Waltz, 2010,
p. 126). It is for this reason that Waltz is considered a representative of "defensive realism".
Another representative of the neo-realist school, John Mearsheimer, unlike Waltz, notes that the
status quo among the major powers in world politics is rare. In his book "Tragedy of Great Power Politics",
Mearsheimer notes that the main goal of the major powers is to become a hegemonic state and take advantage
of all opportunities to gain more power. For this reason, Mearsheimer is labelled as the representative of
"Offensive Realism". According to him, the possibility of interstate war in a multipolar world is more likely
than in a unipolar world. The existence of many powerful actors increases the likelihood of a conflict between
them. According to Mearsheimer, the most dangerous world system is a non-balanced multipolar world. The