Contents introduction chapter I. Approaches to teaching reading skills chapter II. Methods of teaching reading to learners

The development of children’s vocabulary
Vocabulary development is not just learning new words but it is also about expanding and deepening word knowledge. Children need to meet words again and again, in new contexts that help increase what they already know about words. Encouraging memorization strategies is an important way to practise new vocabulary. Children should also have the chance to use the new vocabulary in situations where they have control over the choice of language. Recycling vocabulary with board or card games, class surveys, and project work provides an opportunity to integrate the language skills. For example, children can create ‘mind maps’ on topics already covered such as ‘holidays’ or create poster displays with drawings and words. Memory games, such as ‘I went to the market and bought...’ can be an enjoyable way of revising food or animal vocabulary. The principle of the same type of memory practice can be extended to other vocabulary such as presents in ‘For my birthday I would like....’, wild animals:’ In the zoo I saw...’, or household object, such as ‘In my cupboard there are....’and word knowledge can be seen as being linked in networks of meaning. The teacher should show the links between vocabulary items so that children learn words in dynamic and meaningful way .For example, if the children learn the word ’sandwich’, this is also a good opportunity to recycle possible types of fillings the children might know, such as jam, ham, or cucumber sandwich, honey, fish, or cheese sandwich, tomato or chicken sandwich, etc. As a follow-up, children can invent different sandwiches and put them on the menu of their coffee shop. Activities like this will illustrate to the children that when they learn a new noun such as ‘sandwich’, it can interact with language they already know. This kind of dynamic view makes vocabulary come alive and paves the path to explicit grammar learning.to sort and categorise will practise vocabulary through its organisation in general to specific hierarchy. If food words are being learnt, children can sort real items into vegetables and fruit, naming the individual items as they go.language games also exploit this type of organisation. The game ‘Shipwreck’ puts pupils into teams with pencil and paper. They are given three minutes to list all the drinks they can think of, then all the food, then all the clothes. Then one of them reads out their list item by item. Teams can only keep items that no-one else has listed. At the end of the game, teams have to imagine themselves landing on a desert island after a shipwreck, with only those items left on their list (usually an amusing selection of odd things).