Contents: Introduction

CONTENTS:
Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 3
1. The Importance of Vocabulary………………………… 7
2. The Description of Vocabulary.....................………….. 15
3.The Techniques in Teaching Vocabulary………………………………………………. 18
4. Vocabulary learning strategies in FLT......................................................22
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………. 26
List of used literature………………………………………………………... 27

Appendix ……………………………………..…………………………….... 28

INTRODUCTION
Vocabulary learning is an essential part in foreign language learning as the meanings of new words are very often emphasized, whether in books or in classrooms. It is also central to language teaching and is of paramount importance to a language learner. Recent research indicate that teaching vocabulary may be problematic because many teachers are not confident about best practice in vocabulary teaching and at times don’t know where to begin to form an instructional emphasis on word learning (Berne & Blachowicz, 2008) In this article, I summarizes important research on the impotence of vocabulary and explaining many techniques used by English teachers when teaching English, as well as my own personal view of these issues.Vocabulary, as one of the knowledge areas in language, plays a great role for learners in acquiring a language (Cameron, 2001). Harmon, Wood, &Keser, (2009) as well as Linse (2005) statethat learners’ vocabulary development is an important aspect of their language development.Although it has been neglected for a long time, researchers have increasingly been turning their attention to vocabulary e.g. Carter and McCarthy (1988), Nation (1990), Arnaud and Bejoint (1992), Huckin, Haynes and Coady (1995), Coady and Huckin (1997), Schmitt (1997, 2000) Read (1997).


1. The importance of learning vocabulary in Language Learning
Vocabulary knowledge is often viewed as a critical tool for second language learners because a limited vocabulary in a second language impedes successful communication. Underscoring the importance of vocabulary acquisition, Schmitt (2000) emphasizes that “lexical knowledge is central to communicative competence and to the acquisition of a second language” p. 55) Nation (2001) further describes the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and language use as complementary: knowledge of vocabulary enables language use and, conversely, language use leads to an increase in vocabulary knowledge.
The importance of vocabulary is demonstrateddaily in and out the school. In classroom, the achieving students possess the most sufficient vocabulary. Researchers such asLaufer and Nation (1999), Maximo (2000), Read (2000), Gu (2003), Marion (2008) and Nation (2011) and others have realised that the acquisition of vocabulary is essential for successful second language use and plays an important role in the formation of complete spoken and written texts. In English as a second language (ESL) and English as a foreign language (EFL) learning vocabulary items plays a vital role in all language skills (i.e. listening, speaking, reading, and writing (Nation,2011).Rivers and Nunan (1991), furthermore, argue that the acquisition of an adequate vocabulary is essential for successful second language use because without an extensive vocabulary, we will be unable to use the structures and functions we may have learned for comprehensible communication. Research has shown that second language readers rely heavily on vocabulary knowledge and the lack of that knowledge is the main and the largest obstacle for L2 readers to overcome (Huckin,1995). In production, when we have a meaning or concept that we wish to express, we need to have a store of words from which we can select to express this meaning or concept. ‘‘When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries’’ (Krashen, as cited in Lewis, 1993, p25Many researchers argue that vocabulary is one of the most important-if not the most important- components in learning a foreign language, and foreign language curricula must reflect this. Wilkins (1972) states that: ‘‘There is not much value in being able to produce grammatical sentences if one has not got the vocabulary that is needed to convey what one wishes to say … While without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed’’ p97).Other scholars such as Richards (1980) and Krashen (1989), as cited in Maximo (2000)state many reasons for devoting attention to vocabulary. “First, a large vocabulary is of course essential for mastery of a language. Second language acquirers know this; they carry dictionaries with them, not grammar books, and regularly report that the lack of vocabulary is a major problem’’. On the other hand, vocabulary has been acknowledged as L2 learners’ greatest single source of problems (Meara, 1980). This remark may possibly reflect that the openendedness of a vocabulary system is perceived to be a cause of difficulty by learners. Another possible reason is that, unlike syntax and phonology, vocabulary does not have rulesthe learners may follow to acquire and develop their knowledge. In other words, it is not clear in L2 vocabulary learning what rules apply or which vocabulary items should be learned first. Oxford (1990)also claims that vocabulary is “by far the most sizeable and unmanageable component in the learning of any language, whether a foreign or one’s mother tongue, because of tens of thousands of different meanings” Despite these difficulties that language learners face in L2 vocabulary, they still have to deal with it in their examinations as ‘‘vocabulary has traditionally been one of the language components measured in language tests’’ (Schmitt, 1999, 189). Furthermore, many learners see second language acquisition (SLA) as essentially a matter of learning vocabulary and therefore they spend a great deal of time on memorising lists of L2 words and rely on their bilingual dictionary as a basic communicative resource. As a result, language teachers and applied linguists now generally recognise the importance of vocabulary learning and are exploring ways of promoting it more effectively. Some of this research takes the form of investigation of strategies learners use specifically for vocabulary (VLS), which is our focus of attention. English in the Saudi Educational System In the field of education, including English (from personal experience), education in Saudi Arabia is still dominated by the view that knowledge is a set of facts that have to be memorized. Teaching learning process as focuses on the teacher as a prominent source of knowledge. As a result, students may have problems to understand academic concepts as what they usually get is something abstract. Many students can serve a good level of memorization of teaching material but in the end of teaching learning process,” they actually do not understand it at all.Nation (2011) statesKnowledge “is constructed by humans. Knowledge is not a set of facts, concepts, or laws waiting to be discovered. It is not something that exists independent of knower. Humans create or construct knowledge as they attempt to bring meaning to their experience. Everything that we know, we have made. Based on this opinion, a learning process that focuses on the teacher is no longer suitable. It is because our brain is continuously finding meaning and saving meaningful cases, and learning processes haveto involve students in finding meaning. Teaching and learning processes have to make it possible for the students tounderstand the meaning of their learning material.Students as the learning subject are the starting point in teaching andlearning, which measure the success of the teaching learning process. Teachingand learning can be successful when the students can directly feel the advantagesof learning materials by experiencing and learning it.
Recent research indicates that teaching vocabulary may be problematic because many teachers are not confident about the best practice in vocabulary teaching and at times do not know where to begin to form an instructional emphasis on word learning (Berne &Blachowicz, 2008). Teaching words is a crucial aspect in learning a language as languages are based on words (Thornbury, 2002). It is almost impossible to learn a language without words; even communicationbetween human beings is based on words. Both teachers and students agree that acquisition of the vocabulary is a central factor in teaching a language (Walters, 2004). Teaching vocabulary is one of the most discussed parts of teaching English as a foreign language. When the teaching and learning process takes place, problems wouldappear to the teachers. They have problems of how to teach students in order to gainsatisfying results. The teacher should prepare and find out the appropriatetechniques, which will be implemented to the students. A good teacher should preparehimself or herself with various and up-to-date techniques. Teachers need to be able to master thematerial in order to be understood by students, and make them interested andhappy in the teaching and learning process in the classroom. The teachers should be concerned that teaching vocabulary is something newand different from student’s native language. They also have to take into account thatteaching English for young learners is different from adults. The teachers have toknow the characteristics of his\her learners. They moreoverneed to prepare goodtechniques and suitable material in order to gain the target of language teaching.
2. The Description of Vocabulary
1. The Definition of Vocabulary .
Vocabulary can be defined as '' words we must know to communicate effectively; words in speaking (expressive vocabulary) and words in listening (receptive vocabulary)'' (Neuman&Dwyer, 2009, p. 385). Hornby (1995)defines vocabulary as ''the total number of words in a language; vocabulary is a list of words with their meanings”. While Ur (1998)states: “Vocabulary can be defined, roughly, as the words we teach in the foreign language. However, a new item of vocabulary may be more than just a single word: for example, post office, and mother-in-law, which are made up of two or three words but express a single idea. A useful convention is to cover all such cases by talking about vocabulary "items"rather than "words."In addition, Burns (1972)defines vocabulary as" the stock of words which is used by a person, class or profession. According to Zimmerman cited in Coady and Huckin (1998)‘vocabulary is central to language and of critical importance to the typical language learning. Furthermore, Diamond and Gutlohn (2006) in www.readingrockets.org/article state that vocabulary is the knowledge of words and word meanings.” From the definitions above, it can be concluded that vocabulary is the total number of words that are needed to communicate ideas and express the speakers' meaning. That is the reason why it is important to learn vocabulary.
2. Kinds of Vocabulary .
Some experts dividevocabulary into two types: active and passive vocabulary. Harmer (1991) distinguishes between these two types of vocabulary. The first type of vocabulary refers to the one that the students havebeen taught and that they are expected to be able to use. Meanwhile, the second one refers to the words which the students will recognize when theymeet them, but which they will probably not be able to pronounce.Haycraft, quoted by Hatch and Brown (1995),indicate two kinds of vocabulary, namely receptive vocabulary and productive vocabulary. a. Receptive Vocabulary Receptive vocabulary is words that learners recognize and understand when they are used in context, but which they cannot produce. It is vocabulary that learners recognize when they see or meet in reading text but do not use it in speaking and writing (Stuart Webb, 2009). b. Productive Vocabulary Productive vocabulary is the words that the learners understand and canpronounce correctly and use constructively in speaking and writing. It involves what is needed for receptive vocabulary plus the ability to speak or write at the appropriate time. Therefore, productive vocabulary can be addressed as an active process, because the learners can produce the words to express their thoughts to others (Stuart Webb, 2005).
3. Vocabulary MasteryIn order to understand the language.
Vocabulary is crucial to be mastered by the learner. Vocabulary mastery is needed to express our ideas and to be able to understand other people's sayings.According to Webster (1992)mastery refers to (1) a. the authority of a master: dominion, b. the upper hand in a contest or competition; superiority, ascendancy and (2) a. possession or display or great skill or technique, b. skill or knowledge that makes one master of a subject comment. While Hornby (1995)defines mastery as complete knowledge or complete skill. From that definition, mastery means complete knowledge or great skill that makes someone a master in a certain subject. The specificity of any individual’s vocabulary knowledge depends on the person and his motivation, desires, and need for the words (Hatch and Brown, 1995). Vocabulary mastery refers to the great skill in processing words of alanguage. It is an individual achievement and possession (Rivers, 1989) For that reason, the biggest responsibility in increasing the knowledge is in theindividual himself. The success in widening the vocabulary mastery requires their own motivation and interest on the words of a language. From the definition above, we can conclude that vocabulary mastery is an individual’s great skill in using words of a language, which is acquired based on their own interests needs and motivation. vocabulary mastery plays an important role in the four language skills and it has to be considered that vocabulary mastery is one of the needed components of language.