Contextual semantic functions of the nuclear sentence patterns in expending the communicative intention of the speaker and ways of their teaching

Conclusion
Having thoroughly analysed the problem of contextual - semantic functions of the nuclear sentence patterns in expanding the communicative intention of the speaker and ways of their teaching which is very actual and interesting in present day linguists, having looking through the words of leading scholars, having reviewed all existing literature, having analysed, the linguistic data, in the forms of example picked out of the novels, stories, newspapers, also having applied all possible modern methods of investigation we have come to the following theoretically and practically important conclusions:
1. Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning, and is the area of linguistics which is closest to the philosophy of language. The main difference between the linguist’s and the philosopher’s way of dealing with the question of meaning is that the linguist tends to concentrate on the way in which meaning operates in language, while the philosopher is more interested in the nature of meaning itself – in particular, in the relationship between the linguistic and the non-linguistic. But the term ‘meaning’ and its associates, ‘mean’, ‘means’, etc. are used in a variety of ways in naturally occurring English. English verbs possess a number of properties that make them somewhat unusual among other Germanic languages. All English verbs can be derived from a maximum of three principal parts. This represents an extensive paring down of the inflectional categories of the more conservative Germanic languages.
2. By sentence we understand the smallest communicative unit, consisting of one or more syntactically connected words that has primary predi­cation and that has a certain intonation pattern. A sentence is a proposition expressed by words (something true). The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. Thus, any act of communication there are three factors: the act of speech; the speaker; reality (as viewed by the speaker). B. Khaimovich and Rogovskaya state that these factors are variable since they change with every act of speech. They may be viewed from two view­points: from the point of view of language are constant because they are found in all acts of communication; they are variable because they change in every act of speech. Every act of communication contains the notions of time, person and reality.
3. A sentence is a subject-predicate structure. What are the subject and the predicate? Grammatical subject can only be defined in terms of the sentence. Moreover the grammatical subject often does not indicate what we are ‘talking about’. Besides, this definition leaves out verbless sentences. There are one-member sentences. The parts of the sentences are the basic syntactical units. First and important in the investigation of the structure of the sentence is segmentation that is articulation of the composition of the sentence into constituents. A sentence as a unit of the language, with the help of which speech communication is carried out, must reflect, on the one hand, all diversity of possible, constantly changing beyond the language situations and, on the other hand, regulate the imagination of them through generalizing character structural schemes and semantic configurations.
4. The sentence as a main syntactic unit performs the function of predication. The basic predicative meanings are expressed by the finite verb which is connected with the subject of the sentence. This predicative connection is referred to as the predicative line of the sentence. Depending on their predicative complexity, sentences can feature one predicative line or several predicative lines, respectively sentences can be "monopredicative" and "polypredicative".²⁴In respect of predication a proper simple sentence should be distinguished from a semi composite sentence or complementational sentence and clause-conflational sentence. Semi-composite sentence can include, for example, homogeneous sentence-parts: either subjects or predicates, which represent polypredicative structures.
5. There are many approaches to classify sentences. According to the purpose of the utterance: declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory. The strictly declarative sentence immediately expresses a certain proposition, that is why the actual division of the declarative sentence presents itself in the most developed and complete form. The strictly imperative sentence does not express any statement or fact, i.e. any proposition proper. It is only based on a proposition, without formulating it directly. The actual division of the strictly interrogative sentences is uniquely different from declarative and imperative sentences. It expresses an inquiry about information which the speaker does not possess.
6. Complementation of the verb refers to the syntactic patterns made up by configurations of the clause elements that we examined individually in the previous chapter. Each pattern contains a Subject and a Predicator. The number and type of other elements in each pattern is determined by the verb. The potential number of participants, including the subject – that is, the number of ‘places’ in the clause that the verb controls – is sometimes referred to as its semantic valency. Different classes of verbs have different semantic valencies. There are one-place verbs, which have a subject only, belonging in principle to the SP pattern. Two-place verbs have a subject and one other element, as in the SPC and SPO patterns. Three-place verbs have a subject and two other elements as in the SPOO and SPOC patterns. Syntactic valency refers to the number of nominal elements present in any given clause that have a direct grammatical relation to the verb.
7. Nouns, adjectives and adverbs each function as head of their respective groups. In AdjGs, AdvGs and NGs, the ‘head’ is the main element, to which the other elements, when present, are subordinate. The internal structure of PPs consists of a preposition and its complement, both of which are obligatory, and an optional modifier. There are following nuclear patterns observed in expanding the communicative intention of the speaker: SUBJECT – PREDICATOR; SUBJECT–PREDICATOR–LOCATIVE COMPLEMENT; SUBJECT – PREDICATOR – ADJUNCT; SUBJECT – PREDICATOR – COMPLEMENT OF THE SUBJECT.
8. The Communicative utterances are in their turn divided into 3 groups: utterances regularly eliciting “oral” responses only: Greetings; Calls; Questions; utterances regularly eliciting "action" responses, sometimes accompa­nied by one of a limited list of oral responses: requests or commands and utterances regularly eliciting conventional signals of attention to continuous discourse statements. A sentence as a unit of the language, with the help of which speech communication is carried out, must reflect, on the one hand, all diversity of possible, constantly changing beyond the language situations and, on the other hand, regulate the imagination of them through generalizing character structural schemes and semantic configurations. Only satisfying these requirements the language can effectively function as a means of communication and a means of thinking activity of man. It is natural that a member of the sentence as a constituent part of the sentence cannot be indifferent to these requirements, but on the contrary, must provide their implementation.
9. The subject is a person-modifier of the predicate; the predicate,(or rather the predicative part of the sent.) is a process­ modifier of the subject; the object is a substance-modifier of the predicate (actional or non­-actional (processual or statal); the adverbial is a quality-modifier of the predicate or rather that of the processual part; the attribute is a quality-modifier of a substantive part; the parenthetical enclosure is a speaker-bound modifier of any sentence-part; the addressing enclosure (address) is a substantive modifier of the destination of the sentence; the interjectional enclosure is a speaker-bound emotional modifier of the sentence.
10. No speaking is possible without the knowledge of grammar, without the forming of a grammar mechanism. If learner has acquired such a mechanism, he can produce correct sentences in a foreign language. Grammar is something that produces the sentences of a language. By something we mean a speaker of English. If you speak English natively, you have built into you rules of English grammar.
Summing up all that has just been said we can conclude that further detailed investigation of the problem of contextual - semantic functions of the nuclear sentence patterns in expanding the communicative intention of the speaker and ways of their teaching may give much to understand the laws of functioning of the English language.