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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The Nature Vocabulary

Vocabulary is one of the most obvious components of language and one of the first things applied linguists turned their attention to. Vocabulary is list of words with their meanings, especially in a book for learning a foreign language (Richard, 2002:4). According to Nunan (1991:101) Vocabulary is more than lists of target language word. Based on the definition above it can conclude that vocabulary is intimately interrelated in grammar. In fact, it is possible to divide the lexical system of most language into grammatical word.
Teachers know they must do something with the language of their content areas and provides much of the basis for how well learners speak, listen, read and write. It is also stated that “vocabulary is the total of words in a language”. Vocabulary includes of words that are used in communication through language, whether using language in the manner of spoken or written (Djiwandono, 1996:42). It can be inferred that vocabulary is the total of words in a language.
Advanced learners can generally communicate well, having learnt all the basic structure of the language. However, they need to broaden their vocabulary to express themselves more clearly and appropriately in a wide range of situations. The students might even have receptive knowledge of wider range of vocabulary, which means they can recognize the item and recognize its meaning. Nevertheless, their productive use of a wide range of vocabulary is normally limited and this is one of the areas that greater attention.
Vocabulary study seems consistently to revolve around the dull routines of looking up defining and memorizing words and using them in sentences. Although there was nothing inherently wrong with looking up, defining and memorizing words and using them in sentences, the approach itself is too narrow for users to learn words in depth. Instead, learners memorize definitions to pass the Friday quiz and forgot them on Saturday.
Having students learn lists of words is based on the ill-founded conclusion that the acquisition of vocabulary is separated from the development of ideas and concepts in a content area. Teaching vocabulary often means assigning a corpus of words rather than exploring words meanings and relationships that contribute the student’s conceptual awareness and understanding of a subject. Once teacher’s clarity the relationship between words and concepts, they are receptive to instructional alternatives.
One classification involves the three types of reading vocabulary found in textbooks (Richard, 1999:314);

1. 
   The first type general vocabulary, it consists of everyday words with widely acknowledge meanings in common usage.
   
2. 
   The second type, special vocabulary, it is made of words from everyday vocabulary that take on specialized meanings in a particular content area.
   
3. 
   The third type, technical vocabulary, it consists of words that are used only in a particular area.
   

According to Harmer, there are two kinds of vocabulary (Harmer, 1991:159):
a. Active vocabulary
Active vocabulary is used in oral and written expression by the students. The words that the students understand well enough they use the words effectively in both speaking and writing. b. Passive vocabulary
Passive vocabulary is deals with words the students will recognize understand in a context that helps them recall the word meaning. The students usually apply passive vocabulary in listening and reading materials.
From the explanation above, the types of vocabulary can be classified into two these are active and passive vocabulary. Active vocabulary used in speaking and writing skills. Then passive vocabulary used in listening and reading skills. a) Kinds of Vocabulary Topics for Elementary School
According to Redman (2002:2) there are some topics for intermediate level are as follows :

1. 
   The world around the learner
   

This topic is divided become five sub topics, among other things:

1. 
   The physical world
   

Example: oceans, mountains, deserts, hurricane and so on

2. 
   Weather
   

Example: showers, cloudy, fog, pour with rain and so on.

3. 
   Using the land
   

Example: plants, agriculture, mining, holticulture, ground for ricegrowing, etcetera.

4. 
   Animals and insects
   

Example: lion, wild, spider, rabbit, etcetera.

5. 
   Countries, nationalities and language
   

Example: Sweden, Swiss, Arabic and so on.
From the description above,it can be concluded that the young learners study simple vocabulary in their environment in order that the students know about the environment.

2. 
   People
   

He further mentions that this topic is divided into six sub-topics, they are as follows:

1. 
   The body and what it does
   

Example: bend your knees, bite your nails, and so on.

2. 
   Describing people’s appearance
   

Example: tall and blond with broad shoulders.

3. 
   Describing Character
   

Example: shy, friendly, unpleasant, and so on.

4. 
   Human feelings and actions
   

Example: pride, jealous (of), stare, whisper, and so on.

5. 
   Family and friends
   

Example: niece, relatives, surname, best friend, and so on.

6. 
   Ages and stages
   

Example: teenagers, grow up, adult, pregnant, and so on.

3. 
   Daily life
   

This topic is divided become 15 sub-topic, they are:

1. 
   Daily routines
   

Example: get up, leave home, go to sleep, etcetera.

2. 
   Homes and buildings
   

Example: flat, on the ground floor, roof, and so on.

3. 
   Around the home 1
   

Example: lounge, on the sofa, food mixer, and so on.

4. 
   Around the home 2
   

Example: washbasin, tidy, polish, etcetera.

5. 
   Everyday problems
   

Example: it is not working, drop, break, and so on.

6. 
   Money
   

Example: coins, borrow, I cannot afford it etcetera.

7. 
   Health: illness and disease
   

Example: flu, sore throat, sneezing, etcetera.

8. 
   Health: injuries
   

Example: twist my ankle, bleeding, bruise, and so on.

9. 
   Clothes
   

Example: shirt, get dressed and so on.

10. 
    Shops and shopping
    

Example: chemist, shop assistant, I am being served and so on.

11. 
    Food
    

Example: carrot, peach, and so on.

12. 
    Cooking and restaurants
    

Example: fry, salty, main course, book a table and so on.

13. 
    Town and country
    

Example: suburbs, noisy, fields and so on.

14. 
    On the road
    

Example: turn left, traffic lights, accident and so on.

15. 
    Transport
    

Example: coach, bus stop, platform, get off and so on.

4. 
   Communication and technology
   

This topic is divided into four sub-topic, they are:

1. 
   Newspapers
   

Example: journalist, headline, article and so on.

2. 
   Television
   

Example: programmer turns on, soap opera, and so on.

3. 
   On the phone
   

Example: engaged, operator, save, and so on.

4. 
   Computers
   

Example: screen, software, save, data, and so on.
From the description above, it is known that the example theme or topics in teaching vocabulary in elementary level, such as animal, people, daily activity, computers and technology and so on. From each topic the students must remember because it makes the students easy in learning English.