Department of commercialization of scientific and innovative developments management and control

1.2. PRINCIPAL MANAGEMENT SOURCES
1.2.1. Classical schools
The first manager was mainly interested in the issue of production efficiency (technical approach). They focused their activities on the adaptation of workers. For this purpose, the time spent on various types of operations was studied for which the design of workplaces was developed.
Many researchers of that time considered management to be an art. It follows that not every worker is suitable for a leadership position. To be a mature manager, you need to have certain qualities and abilities. Therefore, many researchers began to study the character of a person, that is, it was necessary to find people who have such qualities, which are characteristic of management. But the results of the research show that it is not easy to identify people of this category.
The school of scientific management is a scientific school of management. It was created in the USA in the 80s and 90s of the XIX century. Management as a science was first considered by the American specialist F. Taylor (1856-1915), who led the movement of scientific management. He was not interested in human productivity, but in the efficiency of organizational activity. With the creation of the concept of scientific management, management was recognized as an independent field of scientific research. The essence of the Taylor system is LECTURE to the following three important conditions, which later serve as the basis for the development of management theory:
— the work of a rational organization, on the basis of "work learning", that is, accounting and measurement of a separate operation, according to the education and training of the workers, to release them correctly;
— development of the formal structure of the organization, that is, division of labor into labor execution and distribution labor;
— setting standards for worker-manager cooperation. This antagonistic relationship is based on mutual support.
In his works, F. Taylor developed a number of methods of scientific labor organization based on the study of timing, acceptance standards and labor tools.
Its main principles are as follows: if I select people based on science, train them, interest them and coordinate work and man, we can achieve cooperation in production more than the work done by a single workforce. He put into practice the basic labor norms of production, the scientific approach of work, operation, standardization, sorting and made them interested in work.
The development of management science is associated with the names F. Djilbert and L. Djilbert. They conducted research in the field of labor movement, perfected timing methods, developed scientific principles of workplace organization. Also, by 1916, a whole direction was formed in these studies: the first scientific school, called by several names - "scientific management", "classical", "traditional".
"Administrative school" is the upper level of the classical school. It deals with questions about the role and functions of management. Once the meaning of the manager's job is determined, we could determine effective management methods.
A. Fayol (1841-1925) was the most famous person in the direction of the European scientific management school at the end of the 19th century and in the 20s of the 20th century. A. Fayol developed and deeply studied scientific management concepts.
The first of them is the issue of management functions, which he divided into 6 groups:
1. Administrative activities: planning, organization, leadership and coordination.
2. Business related activities: buying, selling, exchanging.
3. Technical production activity.
4. Financial activity.
5. Activities related to protection ie security techniques.
6. Control activity.
The second is the situation of social, technical and organizational optimal connection of workers.
The third is the development of 14 sequential principles that define the organizational and social-psychological functions of management.
Fourth, he attached great importance to the social issues and personal qualities of the administration in production. The contribution of A. Fayol (1841-1925) in the production of this idea is great. He divided the whole management process into 5 main functions, which we still use in managing organizations: planning, organizing, selecting, selecting personnel, directing and controlling.
On the basis of the teaching of A. Fayol, the concept of organizational structure of the firm was formed in the 20s. Interconnected system elements consist of a set of interconnected actions and control functions.
The essence of the management of the developed principles consists of the following: labor - division; reputation and governance responsibility; arrangement; leadership unit; caution unit; subordination of special interest to the general; reward for work; balance between centralization and decentralization; a procedure for coordinating managers at one level; justice; kindness and order; personnel capacity; initiative.
Due to the shortcomings of the scientific approach to management, the school of human relations was born. (30-50s. XX century). The founder of this school was the American psychologist E. Mayo (1880-1949). The content of his concept is as follows: the work, the production process is relatively less important for the worker than the social and psychological place in production. It follows that all production and management problems must be considered from the standpoint of human relations.
The activity of the "School of Behavioral Science" dates back to the 1950s and 1960s. This school got its name from the psychological terms behavior, behaviorism (behavior). The essence of this theory is as follows: the relationship between the management and the worker is a relationship where the worker receives a reward for his work and returns it with effective work.
E. Mayo, the founder of the "School of Human Relations", defined the group of workers as a social system, which has its own control system. Working results can be improved by influencing such a system.
In the 1940s and 1960s, behaviorists contributed to the "School of Human Relations". They developed a number of evidence theories. One of them is the hierarchical consumption theory of A. Maslow.
He recommended the following personal consumption classification:
1. Physiological.
2. Availability security.
3. Social (belonging to the collective, communication, attention to oneself, concern for others, etc.).
4. Prestige (reputation, service status, honor).
5. Expressing one's opinion, achieving one's goals and using one's full potential in personal growth.
A. Based on Maslow's assessment of consumption, it is possible to satisfy the production activities of workers. We should mention one of the active representatives of this school, the American scientist D. McGregor (1906-1964). His teachings are popular in the school of "Human Relations". His theory (X and Y) is based on the following classifications of workers:
Theory X - the average person avoids mindless work, so he must be constantly coerced, controlled, and directed. People of this category want stimulation, avoid responsibility, and worry about their safety.
Theory Y - People are not passive by nature. They became that way as a result of work in the organization. People of this category naturally spend their physical and mental work just as they need rest. Such a person not only takes responsibility, but strives for it. He does not need supervision because he can control himself.