Dictionaries and their types

5. DETAILED CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIAL DICTIONARIES

In the future, in this work, we will consider in detail the modern English-language dictionaries of mythologemes, which relate to dictionaries of special purposes. Therefore, I propose to consider this category in detail.

a) Dictionaries of the Bible.
BIBLICAL DICTIONARIES - various kinds of reference books dedicated to the Bible and certain branches of the Bible. Sciences. Depending on their nature, they are intended both for specialists and for all who read and study the Word of God. In the 20th century Bible dictionaries occupy an important place in the biblical literature .
Bible dictionaries stand at the origins of English lexicography. They appeared in the 16th century, immediately after the translation of the Holy Scriptures into English by W. Tyndale . Initially, their significance as a lexicographical work was very great, since, like other dictionaries of this period, they had a differential vocabulary and registered difficult, incomprehensible and significant words of Latin origin. The main lexicographical form of these reference books was corkodans , which included quotations from the Bible with an address. In English-speaking countries, many explanatory linguistic dictionaries have appeared, for example, Collins Dictionary of the Bible. - Glasgow , 2005/
b) Dictionaries for leisure.
This type of dictionaries arose relatively recently, in the middle of the 20th century, and actually laid the foundation for a new, "entertaining" branch of English lexicography, called Lexycography for fun , which is rapidly evolving. Among them are dictionaries for solving crosswords, charades, anagrams, etc. ( Collins Bradford's cross word Compendium.- _ Glasgow , 2005; New Webster's cross word Puzzle Dictionary. -NY 1995; Newman St., Stark D. Collins Million Word Crossword Dictionary - Glasgow , 2005). Leisure (or entertainment) dictionaries are especially in demand by native speakers, as evidenced by user surveys in English-speaking countries. And despite the seemingly "entertaining" aspect of this direction of English lexicography, its development is recognized by experts as very promising, since it not only fulfills an educational role, but also expands the circle of users.
c) Linguocultural and linguocultural dictionaries.
special dictionaries is acute ( Uzhova O.A. "Evolution of the Linguistic Dictionary"). Thus, linguocultural and linguocultural dictionaries solve the important task of describing culturally significant vocabulary by lexicographic means, which is necessary first of all in the study of foreign languages. These dictionaries are both monolingual and bilingual.
d) Dictionaries of new words
Dictionaries of new words in the English language were formed under the influence of historical conditions in the national lexicography. They originate from dictionaries of difficult words, which recorded and explained words from Latin that dominated the territory of all Western European countries in the Middle Ages ( Yumanov E.V. "Principles of selection and lexicographic processing of neologisms in dictionaries of new words of the English language").
They have come a long way of development from glossaries with a differential vocabulary to explanatory dictionaries with an exhaustive number of original marks, reflecting the trends characteristic of the development of national lexicography.
e) Dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms
At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. to replace the usual user . early to mid-twentieth century. dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms (for example: Chambers Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms. -L., 1998; Merriam Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms .- Springfield , 1968) explanatory dictionaries came containing in one volume the main alphabetic dictionary and an additional section "Synonyms and antonyms" (among them: Collins English Dictionary and Thesaurus . - Glasgow , 2005; Collins Thesaurus AZ. -Concise _ ed . - Glasgow , 2005).
The integration of two lexicographic forms - an explanatory dictionary and a thesaurus (this is how the dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms of the new generation began to be called) - has become firmly established in modern lexicographic practice thanks to users who approved the fixation of synonyms and antonyms in one volume.
f) Slang dictionaries
Slang, slang (eng. slang ) - expressively and emotionally colored vocabulary of colloquial speech, deviating from the accepted literary language norm (the term "Slang" is most often used in relation to the English language and its functioning in England and the USA). Distributed mainly among schoolchildren, students, military, young workers. S. is subject to frequent changes, which makes it a linguistic sign of generations. Easily penetrating into the literary language, it is used for the speech characteristics of the characters and the author's speech;
Slang has always been a very attractive group of vocabulary, primarily for those who study English as a foreign language, since it reflects both new changes in society and the features of modern word usage. That is why the participants in sociological surveys repeatedly point out the need for slang dictionaries, which are a minority in the market of special dictionaries.
g) Phrase Dictionaries
In the explanatory dictionaries of modern English, quite a lot of space is devoted to registration and lexicographic development of phrases ( Ooi V. "Computer Corpus Lexicography ")
This is understandable, since it is phrases that present great difficulty not only in understanding, but also in use in speech. And yet, despite many constructive findings of the compilers of general dictionaries (putting word combinations into separate parts of the dictionary entry; special columns marked with conventional icons, color signals, etc.), the user should be recommended special word combination dictionaries that are focused only on registration and description of this material.
h) Dictionaries of abbreviations
At present, a significant number of new names of organizations, representative offices, firms, trademarks and, accordingly, their abbreviations have appeared in the English language, which require a competent explanation. Such a stream of abbreviations made it necessary to include them even in explanatory dictionaries of the English language (for example, dictionaries for general purposes of the series Chambers , Collins , etc.)
However, the user strives to get help in a special dictionary, where the material he needs is concentrated. In this regard, students are recommended special abbreviation dictionaries: Mattia FB Elsevier`s Dictionary of Acronyms , Initialisms , Abbreviations and Symbols ; Pickering D. The Cassell Dictionary of Technical Abbreviations , built alphabetically, in which the latest abbreviations are fixed and processed.
i) Glossaries of terms
Terminological dictionaries, or dictionaries of various LSPs ( languages for special purposes ), represent the undisputed majority in English lexicography. They are compiled by terminographers , and terminography itself is defined as the theory and practice of compiling special, or terminological, dictionaries that describe the terminology and nomenclature of individual sciences in the field of knowledge (Averbukh K.Ya., Karpova O.M. "Bilingual terminography : current trends and their implementation.
These dictionaries have been created in English lexicography over many centuries, and by now hundreds of monolingual and bilingual (in particular, English-Russian and Russian-English) linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries have been published, organized mainly in alphabetical order, as well as conceptual principle ( Tabanakova V.D. "Ideographic description of scientific terminology in special dictionaries") The history of the creation of this group of dictionaries and the analysis of the principles of their construction on the material of various subject areas are covered in numerous works (Kudashev I.S. "Designing translation dictionaries of special vocabulary. ", Shcherbakova E.V. "The subject area of "public relations" in the terminographic aspect.) The book by K.Ya. Averbukh and O.M. Karpova "Lexical and Phraseological Aspects of Translation" is devoted to the description of the current state of English terminography ".
j) Dictionaries of phraseological units
In modern English lexicography, along with terminography, another independent section is developing - phraseography , which deals with the lexicographic description of various structural types of set expressions. Unlike other groups of special dictionaries, dictionaries of phraseological units are not so diverse, which is primarily due to the difficulty of the object of description itself.
In the English lexicographic tradition, dictionaries of phraseological units are usually called dictionaries of idioms , published by all the leading UK dictionary publishers. These dictionaries are monolingual and differ both in the criteria for selecting material for the dictionary and in the way they are described.
The lexicographic development of phraseological units in bilingual phraseological dictionaries requires the most competent analysis and knowledge of the similarities and differences in the use of phraseological units, largely determined by the cultural traditions of England and Russia.
k) Dictionaries of phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs (a special kind of compound verbs consisting of two or more elements that are inextricably linked) present a considerable difficulty in learning English, since such a grammatical phenomenon does not exist in Russian. The methods of their registration in explanatory dictionaries of the English language do not always satisfy the reader who does not have the correct strategy for searching for phrasal verbs in the dictionary.
The authors of many dictionaries for general purposes register phrasal verbs in dictionary entries under a keyword, which does not always allow, firstly , to quickly find the units you are looking for, and, secondly, to use them correctly in speech, since the overload of the microstructure with other information categories makes it impossible to mark phrasal verbs the corresponding marks.
Following foreign lexicographers, domestic researchers also turned to the creation of phrasal verb dictionaries, offering students bilingual special dictionaries of various types and volumes.
l) Writers' language dictionaries
Writers' language dictionaries ( writers / authors dictionaries ) played an important role in the development of English national lexicography. They began their existence in the XV century. from concordances to an English translation to an English translation of the Bible and Chaucer's glossaries (Karpova O.M. "Dictionaries of the Writers' Language"), creating the basis for subsequent numerous linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries.
There are more than 300 reference books to the works of more than 70 English writers and poets of the XIV-XX centuries: D. Austin , D. Milton , W. Blake, C. Dickens , T. Dreiser and many other prominent writers who at various times had a significant impact for the formation of the English language.
m) Quotation Dictionaries
Currently, in the speeches of public figures and other famous personalities, quotations from the works of famous writers have become popular ( Bartlett J. " Familiar Quotation . A Collection of Passages, Phrases Traced to Their Sources in Ancient and Modern Literature". For this, the speechwriters needed quotation dictionaries.
There are various types of quotation dictionaries in English lexicography:
wide thematic coverage
representing quotes from specific areas, for example: politics, sports, business, philosophy
from the works of English writers
from other literary sources.