Dictionaries and their types

PERIOD OF “GLOSSARIZATION”
In the history of the development of English lexicography, several periods can be conditionally distinguished. The first period is " glossarization ". In this period, firstly, only separate, arbitrarily chosen words were described. Secondly, the interpretation of the meanings of these words was superficial and unscientific. Thirdly, the dictionaries lacked information about the grammatical and phonetic characteristics of lexical units, and examples illustrating the use of the word in the text were not given.
the Promptuarium dictionary , created in 1440 by the monk from Norfolk Geoffrey the Grammar . Parvulorum , which included translations of over 10,000 English words into Latin. In 1499 this dictionary was printed.
Ortus dictionary remains unknown Vocabulorum "The Garden of Words", published in London in 1500 and containing twice as many words as the Promptuarium . A feature that distinguishes this dictionary from earlier ones is that, although its entries consist of Latin words and their brief English translations, an English interpretation is occasionally added to them. Ortus Vocabulorum is considered to be the first Latin-English dictionary printed in England.

“PRE-SCIENTIFIC OR PRESCRIPTIVE” PERIOD

The third period in the history of English lexicography can be characterized as "pre-scientific or prescriptive" - prescriptive - the lexicographer set the norm, "corrected", guided by the etymology of the word, analogy, rationalism. The main trend of this stage was the desire of compilers of dictionaries to establish a certain standard in the spelling, pronunciation and use of words, therefore, almost all dictionaries related to this stage should be defined as normative. Lexicographers tried to give more complete information about the word. The definitions of words had a more detailed structure than the definitions of the dictionaries of the previous period. The use of words in speech was illustrated by quotations from literature. The etymology of words was indicated. The dictionaries of this period include:
A Dictionary of English Language by Samuel Johnson,
An American Dictionary of English Language Nov Webster And others _
A dictionary that takes into account the peculiarities of the semantics and word-formation system of modern English is Nathaniel Bailey's dictionary . Bailey ) – An Universal Etymological Dictionary "Universal Etymological Dictionary". It was published in 1721 and contained about 40 thousand words with brief interpretations. The advantages of this dictionary compared to previous dictionaries was that he divided words into syllables and tried to indicate the correct pronunciation. The main drawback of Bailey's dictionary was the low level of development of dictionary definitions.

The following advantages of this dictionary can be noted:

It was the most complete dictionary of literary English of that period.
Johnson is the first English lexicographer who gave shades of the meaning of words, dividing the meanings into basic, figurative and metaphorical. He also singled out the main meaning by separating it from secondary meanings. All values were numbered, which was an innovative step for that time.
The author illustrates each meaning of the word with quotations from works (from the Bible to Shakespeare).
In the dictionary, one can find a variety of stylistic marks with which he characterizes words. In some cases , words also have a more detailed stylistic definition.
Definitions were generally complete and clear.
Johnson's dictionary contains a lot of etymological information, mainly indicating whether the word is borrowed or native . If the etymology of the word is unknown, then the author writes about his assumptions.
The Dictionary of the English Language has And certain shortcomings .
The most characteristic feature of Johnson's dictionary is the orientation towards the literary and book layer of the English vocabulary.
There are factual errors in the dictionary, due to the fact that the erudition of one person, even such an educated person as Dr. Johnson, could not cover all areas of knowledge.
Some of his definitions are difficult to understand.
In many of Johnson's definitions one can detect his own preferences or biases.
The corpus of examples that served as material for compiling the dictionary and illustrating the meanings of words was limited mainly to literary texts and philosophical or political treatises, relating mainly to only one period of 1580-1660.
Johnson's dictionary practically ignored the words that appeared in America, even those that were widely used in the language.