Dilgam ismailov

NG (National Government) begun to reform at the 
industry, agriculture, education, financial, health care and 
justice areas. In Tabriz started the construction of carpet 
factory, sugar factory, building of leather and textile factories, 

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opening of the agricultural bank and the National Bank, to 
conduct of monetary reform, planned to be held elections in the 
city. NG (National Government) a number of areas had 
created departments and ministries. 
İn Tabriz the opening of 
free school for girls was an extra ordinary event. Newly opened 
schools mainly teachers were invited from Baku. For the orga-
nization of national defenses project was prepared. There was 
organized National Guard which consisted 12 000 (thousand) 
people. The government has organized police forces the city's 
population. For their training was opened police school.
The new prime minister of İran Mushiriddovle by support 
and under the leadership of Englishmen to attack on rebels 
started preparation. On 12 September counter-revolution 
forces attacked on rebels. Rebels end of the 14 September 
fought heroically until the last drop of blood. On 14 September 
Khiyabani was killed. Rebels were punished by reactionaries. 
Their houses were burned, hundreds of rebel were arrested and 
exiled to killed. Thus, except for a few places, all of the 
liberation movement in South Azerbaijan support of English 
forces suppressed by the Iranian reactionaries. Despite being 
defeated, South Azerbaijan National Liberation Movement 
played an important role in the history of our people's struggle 
for freedom. Azerbaijani people the history of the national 
liberation struggle has left an indelible trace. It was a good 
pattern for the next generations 

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XVI Theme. Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. 
1.The Announcement of the Azerbaijan Democratic 
Republic and government structure 
2. Enternal and external policy of the Azerbaijan 
Democratic Republic
3.The collapse of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
1.The Announcement of the Azerbaijan Democratic 
Republic and government structure 
On 26 May 1918 Transcaucasian Seym held the last 
meeting. Georgian got out of the Federation. Transcaucasi-
an Seym announced has been released. On 27 May the frac-
tion of Azerbijan Seym adopted a resolution about establis-
hment of the Temporary National Council. M.A.Rasulzade 
has been elected the chairman. Temporary National 
Council Azerbaijan has adopted a resolution of declara-
tion for Azerbaijan independence state. Thus, on 28 May 
1918 Azerbaijan declared its independence. “The Declara-
tion of Independence” was adopted by the National 
Council. The Declaration of Independence had been 
indicated: 
1. Azerbaijan is a full and independence state. The high 
dominion was concerns to Azerbaijan people. 
2. The form of independence Azerbaijan political 
system is a Democratic Republic. 
3. Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan builds a 
relationship with close publics and states. 
4. Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan is provides his 
people full citizenship and political rights. 

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5. Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan creates condition 
for the free development of all peoples who are living on its 
territory. 
6. Until the convening of Assembly to the enterprises 
the highiest dominion in Azerbaijan is considerd the 
national council and provisional government. 
That day provisional government confirmed the com-
position of the government under the leadership of Xoyski 
On 30 May 1918 F.Xoyski announced foregin countries’ 
presidents by radiotelegraph about the establishment of an 
independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic of Azerbai-
jan in the East the first time was established identical de-
mocratic republic method. It was essentially a Democratic 
Republic - parliamentary republic.
The first successful step in the foreign policy of Democratic 
Republic of Azerbaijan was on 4 June in Batumi a contract 
with Osmanli polity “Peace and friendship”. According to this 
contract Osmanli was the first state who accept independence 
of Azerbaijan government. In accordance with 4 clause of the 
contract Osmanli government ought to help with army to the 
Azerbaijani. At the beginning of June led by Nuru pasha 
“Qafqaz Muslim army” came to Ganja. On 16 June National 
Council of Azerbaijan and government moved to the Ganja. 
But disloyalty of Nuru pasha to the new government made a 
crisis. In order to overcome the crisis on 17 June at the 
meeting of National Council has adopted a charter. On the 
charter has been shown that provisional government should 
meet the Constituent Assembly not later than 6 month. 
National Council for making end his activity gave all 

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authority the government, under the leadership of Fatali 
Khan Khoyski. 
The same day under the leadership of F.Xoyski created the 
II cabinet of the government. Taking into consideration tense 
situation on 19 June in the territory of Azerbaijan was declared 
military situation. But Baku Khalg Komissarlari Soveti - 
Soviet of Peoples Comissars (SPC) didn’t recognazed the 
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and declared war 
againest it.
The military and naval affairs of Baku Soviet of 
Peoples 
Comissars 
(SPC) 
head 
commissioner 
T.N.Korqanov on 6 June ordered for attacking on the 
Ganja. On 27 June at the Goychay battle the troops of 
Baku Soviet defeated and was obliged to step back. But 
were prevented to attacked to the Ganja. On 20 June 
Azerbaijan and Osmanli military forces attacked to Baku. 
On July month in 1918 during the Azerbaijan and Osmanli 
military forces attack to the Baku direction became harder 
the situation of Baku Soviet of Peoples Comissars (SPC). On 
31 July Baku Soviet of Peoples Comissars (SPC) couldn’t 
continue battle with Azerbaijan and Osmanli armies and 
gave up their authority. 
On 1 August in Baku right bloc Menshevik Dashnak 
with the participation of British consul Maqdonel has 
organized “Sentrokaspi Dictatura, which 1000 english 
military forces removed to the Caspian Sea through to the 
Baku. On 17 August armenians greeted english general 
Denstervil with a great joy. In this case on 27 August 1918 
for getting Baku petroleum Soviet Russia signed a confi-
dential agreement with a Germany. Germany took a res-

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ponsibility to prevent the 3rd country Osmanli Empire to 
the Baku territory. Russia took obligation for giving 1/4 (one 
fourths) part of Baku petroleum to the Germany. In Sep-
tember related to the change of the international situation, 
definitive position of the Osmanli empire and Azerbaijani 
governments forced Germany to refuse from the agreement. 
Caucasus Islam Army on 15 September the decisive 
attacked to the Baku. On the same day English military 
forces left Baku. Armenian military forces also including 
the defense minister Bagratuni run to the Anzali. On 15 
September under the led by Nuru pasha Azerbaijan 
military entered the Baku territory. Osmanli army helped
for protecting the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan's 
independence this way 1100 soldiers, 30 officers sacrificied. 
After 2 days on 17 September Azerbaijan Democratic 
Republic removed from Ganja to Baku.
The ancestral lands of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 
for restoring the dominity in Nakchivan, Zangazur, Karabakh 
and Lankaran. In 1919 January in order to to take control 
including the Zangazur, Susha,Cavanshir and Cabrail regions 
have been created Karabakh general governor. Xosrov Pasha 
bey was appointed the governor general. On 1919 August the 
armenians accepted Karabakh as an integral part of Azer-
baijan. On 1919 February created Nakchivan governor general. 
Bahram khan Nakhcivanski appointed a general governor. On 
1919 August was eliminated in the southern part fictional 
“Mugan Soviet Republic”. This way Azerbaijan Democ-
ratic Republic has established its outhority whole territory. 
The structure of the Republic of Azerbaijan was a 
democratic parliamentary republic. In the East and the 

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Turkish Islamic world established in the first Democratic 
Republic in Azerbaijan. By the decree on 27 June 1918 of 
the Council of Ministers Azerbaijan (Turkish) language was 
declared is a main language . On 24 June 1918 by the decree 
of the government was adopted white crescent and eight-
pointed star to the white of the national flag made of red 
cloth. On 9 November 1918 on the same flag colors - blue, 
red and green- tricolor flag with white crescent and eight-
pointed star was replaced in opposite. According to the 
words of M.A.Rasulzadeh tricolor national flag of Repub-
lic of Azerbaijan is a national Turkish culture and Islamic 
civilization embodies the modern European democracy. 
On 26 June in 1918 has been decreed for the creation of 
new army. On 1st November has been established Ministry 
of Defence. Prime Minister F.Xoyski military minister, 
general S.Mehmandarov appointed his deputy for 
prepearing a military staff in Ganja was opened a military 
school. Later this school has been moved to Baku. At the 
Susha city also has been opened school for prepearing a 
medical attendant. 
On 25 December 1918 general S.Mehmandarov 
military minister, General Aliaga Sixlinski appointed his 
deputy. General Suleymanbey Sulkevich was appointed 
chief of headquarters. It was important to protect the
Azerbaijan sea borders. Therefore need to create a marine 
military. In 1919 at the sea opened Caspian fleet. The 
proces of elaboration National Army and Marine military 
was completed in 1920. There were gathered 40 thousand 
regular army. 30 thousand of them were infantries and 10 
thousand cavalry troops. On 23 August signed decree the 

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nationality of Azerbaijani. On 16 November 1918 re-
starting the National council On 20 November made a 
decision on the establishment of the Azerbaijani 
Parliament. According to law parliamentary should consist 
120 people. All the peoples who lives territory of the 
republic and the law were determined both sexes equal 
voting right. 
Thus Azerbaijan became the first country which gave 
women first election law. On 7 December 1918 Parliament 
has started its work. It was an important event life of 
Azerbaijan people. A.Topchubashov speaker of parliament, 
H.Agayev has been chosen the first deputy of chairman. 
Parliament accepted the provisional government’s resign 
and had been ordered to the F.Xoyski to established the 
new government. On 26 December was announced in the 
III composition of cabinet. At the new cabinet the duties of 
F.Xoyski were chairman of the Council of Ministers and 
Foreign Minister. The first actions of government were that 
to prevent the transportation food products abroad. On 22 
June 1918 have been forbidden transporting abroad grain, 
cattle and other food products. With other a government 
decree were allowed in the territory of the republic a free 
trade. On 5 October 1918 according to the decision on 
Azerbaijani government Baku Soviet of Peoples Comissars 
(SPC) has canceled all the commercial fleet in the oil 
industry and other industrial sectors. These institutions 
were returned to previous owners. In order to increase oil 
exports on 10 December 1918 was established office for 
the sale of oil and oil products. The taken measures by the 
government at the begining of 1919 year were supported 
necessary food products in Baku.

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In the summer months of 1919 year due to the oil 
export signed trade contracts with foregin companies. 
Azerbaijan got a right for trading Baku petrolim with
Europen countries through the Batumi port. One of the 
most important economic events were agrarian. In 1920 in 
March government discussed agrarian project. On 
September 1918 has been decided turnover the Baki bonu 
monetary unit. On September 1919 has opened a State 
bank. Many cash boxes have started to work. The territory 
of the republic was organized a customs service. In January 
1919 the Ministry of Labour started to work. 
At the same year in May established arbitration. 
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic held many important 
events in the field of building. First of all they paid 
attention for educating of people. Thus, inside the first 
established government was founded Ministry of National 
Education. On 28 August 1918 government took a decision 
on the nationalization of schools. It was a compulsory all the 
primary schools conducted education in Turkish (Azerbaijan). 
For the preparing new teachers in Baku, Kazakh, Susha, 
Ganja were organized special pedagogial courses. The South 
Caucasus in 1918 (Qori) Azerbaijani branch of seminary 
teachers had been moved to the Kazakh. There were opened 
in Baku, Ganja and Shaki gymnasiums for girls. There were 7 
gymnasiums for men opened also. The many cities of 
Azerbaijan extended networks of educational courses. For 
educating in these courses had been invited 50 teachers 
from the Osmanli government. 
In autumn 1919 all regions of Azerbaijan organized 
night courses in Azerbaijan language. On 1 September 
1919 in Azerbaijan parliament in Baku city was adopted 

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about the opening of university. There were 2 faculties-
history-philology and medical. In 1919 September 100 
Azerbaijani youths have been sent to Osmanli, French, 
Italy, Russia and Great Britain’s universities to get 
education. 
During the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic founded 
national societies including “Turk ocaghi” (“Turkish fire”) . 
On December 1919 for improving of Azerbaijan scientific
founded the society “Learning the Muslim East”. At the begin-
ning of 1920 founded the department of archeology. On 
March 1919 in Baku opened the first a big library an Azer-
baijani language. On 7 December 1919 in Baku opened 
“Istiqlal” museum. 1918-1920 years were published
“Azerbaijan” newspaper. 
2. Enternal and external policy of the Azerbaijan 
Democratic Republic 
In 1918 armenians applied to Azerbaijan Democtratic 
Republic for becaming Irevan city the capital of 
Aremenian. On 29 May National Council made 
compromised Irevan city to the armenians. On the 
condition that they refused the Nagorno part of Karabakh. 
But unfortunately Armenian didn’t care for their pledges. 
Contrary, they attacked to Azerbaijanis’ native lands 
Zangazur, Nakhcivan, Nagorno Karabagh. They were tried 
to occupy the same territories. In 1918 summer the cruel 
enemy of Turkish people Andronik attached to the 
Zangazur. More than 100 thousand Azerbaijani were 
expelled from their lands. For preventing Andronik’s
robberies troops in the Zangazur, Karabakh Azerbaijani 

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government took immedetely measures. The most 
important of these measures were foundation of Karabakh
general governor.
In 1919 February X.Sultanov as been appointed 
general governor and he came and started to work. 
Andronik tried to attack to the Susha city thrice. But Azer-
baijan's Defense Forces have destroyed Andronik’s robber 
groups in the Zabux valley. On 23 February 1919 Andronik 
again attacked with a big troops. But support of Sultan bey 
and Xosrovpasha Sultanov brothers they were removed 
from the territory of Azerbaijan. On 1 June 1919 in Susha 
as a result of provocation of the Armenian National council
happened an armed clash. X.Sultanov could leave mem-
bers of the Armenian National Council through the coun-
try. The government prevented the bloodshed in Karabakh.
The plans of Dashnaks establish the Amenian state 
included Nakchivan lands also. Therefore Andronik’s rob-
bery troops invade the Nakhcivan city and began to kill the 
local people as wildly. Meantime the Osmanli force under 
the command of K.Qarabekir pasha entered the 
Nakhcivan. Thus forces of arbitrariness of Andranik have 
ended in the Nakhcivan lands. On 1 November in 1918 du-
ring the first world war due to the defeat of the Osmanli 
Empire they were forced to leave Nakhcivan. For preven-
ting the danger of occupied by Armenia has been 
established Araz-Turkish Republic. This republic lived until 
the end of March in 1919. 
The first goal of foreign policy of Azerbaijan 
Democratic Republic achieves itself in the international 
arena and establish friendly relations. The first step was 

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that Azerbaijan diplomacy informs the leading foreign 
states on the declaration of the sovereignty. On 29 May 
1918 USA, France, Great Britain, Soviet Russia, Osmanli, 
Germany, Italy and etc. states’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs 
have been officially informed about it. Even on 6 June 1919 
against the jeopardy of Denikin for merging the efforts 
between Azerbaijan and Georgia signed a military defense 
contract. In Georgia established Azerbaijan embassy.
On 21 March 1920 signed a contract “ About 
Friendship” between Iran and Azerbaijan. In Tehran 
opened Azerbaijan embassy. In Tabriz established head
consulate. Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was attemting 
for mending relations with the Great Britain. It was a 
reason that on 17 November 1918 the general of English 
troops Tomson in spite of announced willn’t recognize the 
legitimacy Azerbaijan Democratic Republic afterwards 
accepted it. Even the state which head by F.Xoyski 
estimated as the legitimate government. The most 
important duty of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was 
recognize Azerbaijan at the international arena. On 28 
December 1918 Government confirmed the representatives 
who will attend in Paris Peace Conference. On 8 January 
1919 delegates went to Paris through Istanbul. In middle of 
May delegations with a big difficulty reached to Paris.
On 2 May the first time issues of Azerbaijan had been 
discussed among the Great Britain, USA, France, Italy at 
the assembly of state leaders. The president of USA Vudro 
Vilson was againist the release of Azerbaijan to the Paris
peace conference. On 28 May our delegates were accepted 
by V.Vilson. During the meeting Azebaijan Republic 
introduced memorandum to the V.Vilson. On 12 November 

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At the Great Britain parliament British Prime Minister 
Lloyd Corc during his speech, announced that possible 
recognition of the independence of Azerbaijan and Georgia. 
He repeated the same idea in the Paris peace conference . At 
last on 11 January in 1920 at the suggestion of the UK's 
Minister of Foreign Affairs Lord Kerzon Antanta‘s 
supreme council independence of Azerbaijan Democratic 
republic has been recognized at the de-fakto level. Thus, as 
a result of successful diplomacy of the young Azerbaijan 
Democratic republic became a member of the world 
community. 
3.The collapse of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 
After the reconciliation of Mudros (on 30 october 
1918) Azerbaijan had been deprived assistance his close 
brother of Turkish. Taking advantage of this, Soviet Russia 
increased diplomatic pressure. He was sending notes against 
the Azerbaijan Democracy Republic. On January in 1920 
Commissar G.V.Chicherin Foreign Affairs of Russia sent a 
note to the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic to start a war 
against Denikin. But, foreign Affairs Minister of 
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic F.Xoyski on January in 
response noting that the civil war is an internal affair of 
Soviet Russia and was ready for negotiating with good 
neighbor relations. Soviet Russia achieved to establish 
“fifth colon” inside the Azerbaijan Soviet Republic. In 
February 1920 for this purpose was established Azerbaijani 
Communist Party. Meanwhile conflicts among political