Dilgam ismailov
participate in elections. Only a small farm in the city Duma
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participate in elections. Only a small farm in the city Duma had the right to engage in work. Duma controlled governor activity. All the power in Caucasus belonged janishin (viceroy). But gubernias concentrated in the hands of gover- nors. But districts managed by supervisors. Russia has changed administrative structure in the South Caucasus also. In 1859 in Samakhi happened very strong earthquake. After this earthquake the city is collapsed. Due to this the center of governor moved to Baku. And they renamed as Baku. In 1860 Darband district has been abolished and Quba district also included the Baku district. In 1868 from Baku,Tbilisi and Irevan at the acquared lands founded Yelizavetpol governor. Susha, Yelizavetpol and Zangezur districts were included there. Javad and Goychay were in- cluded inside the Baku governor. The Eresh district which established in 1874, Cabrail and Cavanshir 1883 were included Yelizavetpol district. Sharur–Daralayaz and Nakhchivan districts people consisted azerbaijanians and included İrevan governor. In 1883 Caucasus successorship (viceroy) had been abolished. 225 The management of Caucasus assigned part of the property of chief. Unfortunately this administrative reform also served strengthening of colonial power. While the administrative and territorial changes the composition of the population had not been taken consideration. 3.The condition in the village after the reforms İn 1870 after the village reform in the Azerbaijan capitalist relations in agriculture accelerated. As a result, in the village had happened several changes: The introduction of advanced tools, in agriculture, started extends of com- mercial cultivation. H.Z.Tagiyev opened a gardening school in Mardakan. After the period reform cultivated areas were extended. Yelizavetpol governor considered grain storage of Azerbaijan. Lankaran and Nukha districts specialized as rice areas. In the production of grain Azerbaijan was the first place in the South Caucasus. Cultivation and har- vesting of agricultural products increased use of hired la- bor. In the development of capitalism, land became pur- chase and sale object, increased the leased areas. Qolcomags (rich villagers) expanded its territory at the expense of lea- sed land. Hasan bay Zardabi had a great role the spread of new methods of cultivation. Quba district was a center of growing kizilboya. Kizilboya were used in Russian textile industry as natural dyes. In 1869 after the artificial colorings alizarin kizilboya industry collapsed. In 1887 in Tbilisi “Caucasian silk station” opened. 80 th -90th cotton- farming became incoming areas. Here had been used 226 freelance labor. For instance H.Z.Tagiyev’s property which bought in “Yevlakh property” was also one of them. Tobacco industry also started to develop. In Zagatala, Nukha and Quba districts cultivated the tobacco leaf. XIX the first of the century in many parts of Azerbaijan a licorice root was produced. The licorice root had been used various industry as food the preparation of and medicines and textile industry. 80 th -90 th years in Azerbaijan most of the villagers were state villagers. XlX century 80 th -90 th years as a result of the stratifica- tion of the village middlings, i.e. rich villagers (qolchomags) occurred. Although miniority of amount they had much land. 3 December 1890 was adopted the Regulation on the use of water. According to this regulation was established water inspection of Caucasus. An administrative person who organized the distribution of irrigation water were called mirab and juvar. In Azerbaijan taxes and levies still continued after the reform. From the peasants’ had been taken as a yard tax which called land quitrent. Quitrent as rule was paid by money. In Azerbaijan owner villagers were paying malcahat (crop tax) and bahra (tax paid for water use). Since 1887 Azerbaijan villagers started to pay military tax. Russian government didn’t believed the azerbaijanians therefore they didn’t allow them to participate in the army instead of them was taken a military tax. The second half of the XIX century economic changes caused development of the country in cities. In this period, there were 10 cities and 5 gaza (district) center in the Northern Azerbaijan. Baku, Quba, Lankaran, cities –Baku 227 governorship, Ganja, Nukha, Susha cities - Yelizavetpol governorship, Nakhcivan and Ordubad cities Irevan governorship, but Zagatala city included Tbilisi governorship. Baku the second half of the XIX th century became the capital city of a population of more than 112 thousand. Starting 70 th years the active development of oil industry increased the number of city's population. The development of the capitalist industry in South Azerbaijan had the toilers of coming from North Azerbaijan and Russia in various districts. The amounts of people Ganja was a second city after Baku. End of the centry Nukha was becoming the second industry center. Russian government decided to have a city reform. June 1870 according to regu- lation city departments and Dumas had been created. The state Dumas elections taking into account the low levels of property restrictions had limited participation here. In addi- tion only 50% of selected deputies could contain Muslims. City governments had limited powers. In 1878 regulation was applied in Baku. Baku the executive body of the city self-government members of the Duma elected for a period for 4 years to the City municipality. City self- government resolution of issues, determination of taxes and duties, to lead the city's property, look at the budget and its approval and etc things were the basic of Duma. The first elections were industrial city councils, merchants, government officials and others got received deputy mandates. Among them were H.Z.Tagiyev, M.Nagiyev and others. Among the deputies of the State Duma were social reformer and educator as H.Zerdabi and a prominent teacher H.Mahmudbeyov. For failing ensure that the 228 reform of the upper circles of the city in 1892 by Russian Empire (Char) was approved the new city charter. This regulation included Ganja city also. As cities development their appearance also changed. 1859 in Baku Governor garden and 1882-1883 years Nobel garden established. In this city electric station Caucasus and Merkuri belonged to this society. The first horse railway (konka) in Baku opened in 1889. The work of the carpet woven at the Karabakh-Shirvan regions had made more progress. Azerbaijani carpets and rugs were known all over the world. Lahij was the center of copper. İn Aghdam and Agdash were acted markets. In 1887 In Baku organized market forms of commerce. Markets were acted at the Nukha and other cities. Since 1876 March in Azerbaijan as the first was introduced the guild trade. The first guild merchants were given very big rights. They could sell all states goods every place of Russia with cargo and package they also have rights open shop, contor and storage. The second guild merchants who got certificate recipients for open to sold Russia and other public goods in the district, governor and other villages. The first progressive form of trade in the stock market created the first in Baku. XlX end of the century Baku city was the second place for the cargo circulation inside the Russian port cities. Authorities had a rough colonial policy against of Jar- Balakan people. The policy of violent Christianization severed social and political situation. In identify the personal and property rights of the people of government commission had come. This commission consider that ingiloy and mugall tribes had to paid a one-time allowance 229 keshkel owner (landowner- feudal) tax and this way they could release the dependence on landowners. Land growers were ingiloy (ingiloys – georgians who converted to islam) and mughall (the generation of the mongol-tatars, a.i. turks) tribes. Therefore keshkel hosts were lost their main income. Therefore keshkel hosts didn’t want to do a reformation. İn 1862 in Balakan village the construction of the church all of the local population contained Muslims for the start of the growing rebellion was a signal. The organizer of this work was a Alexandr Qalacov who had accepted Christianity. The rebellion happened in 1863 in Zagatala. Haji Mutuz was a led of rebellion. The main charcter rebellion was a nationwide. At the rebellion attended feudals, clergies and all the people. Rebellion was suppressed by artillery fire. Haci Murtuz was deported. The reasons of suppression rebellion: 1.The rebellion was not organized perfect. 2.Limited only Zakhatala area. 3.The balance of power was unequally. 4.There was not unity among rebellions. Near the end of century in the Azerbaijan village increased social stratification process. Already the rural population was divided into groups of new capitalist society is now owned. One of them concentrated in the hands of wealthy villagers (golchomags) a significant part of the lands. Others were grounded the rural poor or landless villagers. 80 th -90 th years of the XIX century Empire was accommodated Russians in Samakhi, Ganja, Lankaran and Kazakh regions. The villagers who transferred to Azerbaijan them had given a lot of lands than local people. The last quarter of century the fight against colonial rule and feudal oppression was growing. 230 End of the 70s Kazakh district refused to pay taxes and refuses to accept Kushcu villagers’ - were acted against the persecution of İskenderbayovs. In 1881 the Kazakh district’s villagers of Oksuzlu acted against the persecution of Sultanovlar. The villagers refused to send their own children to the service oflandowners. XIX end of last quarter was the most common form was smuggling. The fusitives called people national revolutionaries. They were fighting against national oppression, violence against the exploitation of the local landlords. In different years in Azerbaijan were Kachak Nabi, Deli Ali Kachak Naghi, Kachak Kerem as national heroes. One of them was a prominent gallant Kachak Nebi. He was born In 1854 Zangazur town’s Mollu village. His lovely wife Hecer also fought heroically together fusitives. 12 March 1896 Kachak Nabi was died Russian empires’ by hired killer. The most famous representative of the illegal move- ment was Kachak Kerem. He was born in 1860 Kazakh dis- trict’s Kirakh Kesemenli village. He begun to the movement from the Yelizavetpol governor. Soon Kerem has led to a struggle besides Azerbaijan Georgian, North Caucasus and Osmanli empirea’s areas. Kachak Kerem died in 1909 in Tehran. Inside the kachak troops participated entrepreneur villa- gers. Kachak movement was typical for the whole territory of northern Azerbaijan. The main reason for the defeat of kacak groups were that in this movement little part of the villagers to took part, non-professional organized and local character. Against captivity of colonial Azerbaijan, national oppression and against feudal exploitation kachak movement. In the history of Azerbaijan kachak movement was a great role and a great importance. 231 Baku in Azerbaijan creation of industrial facilities poor villagers moved to the big cities. Exactly at the expense of the villagers formed Azerbaijan employees’ class. Employees who works a short time called seasional employees. Even through the Russia emperie neighboring Caucasus territories and from the South Azerbaijan many people came to Azerbaijan. Therefore Azerbaijan became a multinational country. The number of workers has increased with the development of capitalism in Azerbaijan. The lives of employees were very hard. Complete lawlessness, hard painful labor, starvation and poverty, their situation was becoming more unbearable. On April 1881 İn Baku happened the powerful strike. On August 1895 the employees of Baku tobacco factory held the a big employees movement. It was the first profession strike – well-formed strike. 4.Azerbaijan culture II half of the XlX century The development of capitalism in Northern Azerbaijani was a decisive change in culture. End of the centry Baku city became the center of Azerbaijan. During this period in Azerbaijan culture created a generation of progressive leaders. Among them M.F.Akhundzadeh, H.B.Zerdabi, N.Vezrov, S.A.Shirvani, H.I.Mahmudbeyov, S.M.Qanizadeh, R.Afandiyev and etc. National burgeous H.Z.Tagiyev, M.Nagiyev and other representatives were in the field of other charitable brave steps activities and education. They opened schools, built theater buildings and letting the money to publish the newspapers differently. In North Azerbaijani cultural revival, a new type of schools and cultural educational institutions, the creation of the national press and theater, the impact of the idea of revival of national consciousness of the nation's leading intel- 232 lectuals and etc. All these were culture’s the main characteristic features. Half of the XIX century in North Azerbaijani education was developing. Still education held in the Maktab (school) and madrasah. İn Azerbaijan to grow up the new generation of national intelligence which had a European culture. The first azerbaijanian who got the first higher education in Russia was Agabey Yadigarov and Mammadaga Shahtakhtinski were the from this generation who graduated Leypsiq university in Germany. Many prominent intellectuals as A.M.Topchubashov, C.Hacinskhi, A.Safikurdski graduated Petersburg university the lawyer faculty. A.Shiklinski and S.Mahmandarov were graduated military schools in Petersburg. Democratic intellectuals on the place of maktab (schools) and madrassas tried to open schools in our native language. In Samakhi S.A.Shirvani (1835-1888), in Susha Mir Movhsun Navvab (1833-1918), in Nakhchivan and Ordubad Mahammadtagi Safarov (Sidqi) (1853-1904) schools which opened by them pupils were educated native language and religion lessons besides them history, geography and natural sciences. Hasan Bay Zardabi in the “Ekhinchi” (“Planter”) newspaper’s pages indicated important of opening new schools. Starting 70 th years Russian schools were given a main role in the comprehensive system. According to 13 May 1872 on regulation all regions schools were replaced with tuition fee schools. In 1874 Susha later Samakhi district schools became a city school. End of the 70th years Nukha and Nakhcivan in the mid 80th years Ganja, 233 Zagatala, Baku, 90th years Ordubad district schools became city schools. In the history of school education village schools had great role occurate public schools. According to 24 May 1874 regulation different public schools these kinds of schools study only villagers’ children and them were not applied a corporal punishment. The main location of the training method was conscious appropriation. In the middle of 70s in the districts these kinds of schools were in Kazakh, Dagkesemen, Susha and Cabrail villages and Goycay centuries. In the middle of 80 th years have been created Russian and Azerbaijani schools were an enlightening role (1887). The primary reason of creating these schools had to prepare Azerbaijanis’ for entering secondary school. In spite of education was in Russian but Azerbaijani language was a compulsory subject. These kinds of schools were suppoused for azerbaijanians. On 1887 the first Russian-Azerbaijan school founded in Baku by H.Mahmudbayev and S.M.Qanizadeh. 90s Rus- sian-Azerbaijan schools in Nakhcivan, Nukha, Susha, Ganja and other places were opened. The 60th years in Azerbaijan the first secondary schools founded. In 1865 in Baku established on the basis of the primary school 4 classes gymnasi- um. This way officially founded primary school. In 1881 Ganja opened central city school. In 1896 in Baku opened men gymna- sium. Pupils have to paid tuition fee for secondary schools. Many sciences who graduated Baku gymnasium they could enter Russia and abroad universities. The reform about educa- tion impacted girls’ education also. In 1874 in Baku the based on saint Nina gymnasium opened the first woman gymnasium. In 1897 in Baku opened the second woman school. One of the reasons impeding the development of education was lack of teac- 234 hers’. Until 70 th years In Caucasus were not staffs for preparing in educational institutions. 70 th years started for preparing teac- her cadres started in Tbilisi Aleksandrovski Teachers’ institut- ions. In 1876 in Qori city organized South Caucasus Gori Teachers Seminary. Since 1879 Azerbaijani branch operated. The first leader of branch was A.O.Chernayayevski. One of the most important responsibilities of our enlightenment leaders was the creation of native language textbooks. In 1882 in Russia-Azerbaijan schools had been used with a great success “Veten dili” textbook which complied by A.O.Cernayevski. The material on the Azerbaijani language made in by village teachers. The increase in the number of schools in the education system were set up the importance of expanding cultural and educational institutions. The first library and reading halls opened inside the schools. One of the first public libraries which located outside in schools - in 1868 in Ganja, later in 80s in Guba, Baku, Salyan and in Lenkeran opened. In 1897 in Baku opened these kinds of 8 libraries. Until 1894 all the libraries servised only for Russian language readers. In 1894 by N.Narimanov in Baku organized the first Azerbaijan reading hall. It played a great role our country’s history. Hasan bay Zardabi received a license to print a newspaper “Ekhinchi” (“Planter”) in native language. Pub- lication of the newspaper was a resonance in the Caucasus. During 1875-1877 years had published newspaper’s 56 numbers. Hasan bey Zardabi in the pages of “Ekhinchi’’ (“Plowman”) primary goal was to create a national unity. Progressive ideas of “Ekinchi’’ (“Plowman”) newspaper was disturbing char colonialists. In 1875 printing the “Ekinchi’’ newspaper was founded Azerbaijan National 235 press. In 1879 on January in Tbilisi had published “Ziya” newspaper in turkish. This newspaper was published since 1880 under the ”Ziyayi –Caucasiya”. Unfortunately this newspaper had closed in 1884. In 1880 in Tbilisi had publis- hed “Keshkul” newspaper. The publisher of this newspaper was studied in Europe Calal Unsizadaeh. This newspaper were close to their ideas to the “Ekhinchi” (“Plowman”). They were collaborating with F.Kocerli, M.Shahtaxlinski and etc. 80-90s in Baku were published in Russian “Caspi”, “Bakinskoye izvestiya”, “Baku” and other newspapers. -70 th years of the XlX century founded a National theater. İt was a great event in the history of Azerbaijan. On 23 March 1873 was staged M.F.Akhundzadeh’s “Serguzeshti veziri-xani Lenkeran” comedy spectacle. This honorable path N.Vazirov and H.Zardabi played an important role. With this stage in Azerbaijan established Azerbaijan National theater. H.Z.Tagiyev built a theater building in 1883. In Guba (1875), Nukha (1879), Susha (1882), Nakhcivan (1883), Ganja (1899) and other places organized theater spectacles. İn 1883 in Nakchivan was organized drama society. In 1896 for the first time in Azerbaijan was staged Gogol's “Inspector” play. In 1895 in Baku Azerbaijan theater staff created Baku artists society. İn Azerbaijan developed saz plays and mugam artists. Among them were tar, kamancha (oriental bow instrument) and tambourine players trio ensembles. İn this period prominent singers were Kharrat Kulu (1823-1883), Haji Husu, Mashadi Isi, Cabbar Karyagdioglu (1861-1944), Alasgar Abdullayev (1866-1929), Kecheci oglu Muhammad (1864-1940) and others included here. A prominent tar players Mirzeh Sadikhcan was unparalleled services for full recons- 236 truction of tar musical instrument. His name is associated with the flap tar on the chest. In 1896 with “Illustrated history of music” wrote the history of Azerbaijan music. Poet, art and musician M.Navvab also wrote a book “The art of music”. The rapidly development of capitalism in was caused a large- scale construction works in Baku. Millionaires which compete with each other were building beautiful buildings. In addition to providing invaluable monuments of the city, became the charms of this magnificent buildings. In the history of city building Gasim bay Hajibabayov (1811- 1877) has great services. One of his big constructions was a big Karavansara (Araz cinema). One of the most prominent architects of Baku was a Mashadi Mirza Gafar Ismayilov. In 1898 on the project of I.V.Qoslavski H.Z.Tagiyev started building Muslims girls school. End of the 90s among completed the construction of buildings was a Debur’s home (at present Azerbaijan Art Museum) especially, was involved in theoretical. Restoration of monuments built in the past century carried out works. 60th-70th years in the district of Baku’s castles was carried out restoration. In 1865 founded Baku Boulevard. The second castle gates were built in 1886 by Karbalayi Mammadhasan ( at present side of youth square). Most of achievements in the field of painting is associated with the production of this era Mir Movsun Nevvab. The creation of new types fine art played a prominent Azerbaijani artist (painter) M.Q. Irevani (1825-1879). His creativity of portrait attracts attention. His “Cavan oglan ( a young man), “Oturan qadin” ( a sitting woman), Abbas Mirza and etc works have been shown the tendency of ar- tist realism. The most valuable wall paintings, decorative 237 art, valuable works was executed by Usta Ganbar from Shusha Shaki Khan Sarayi (Shaki Khan Palace) and wall pic- tures on the Mehmandarov’s and Rustamov’s home (1848- 1851). Distinctly North Azerbaijani from the South Azerbai- jani his weakness is still in the formation of national culture was that the South still had lived the framework of the tra- dition of Persian language. In the South Azerbaijani was a significant progress in the development of educational sys- tem. İn 1869 in Tabriz opened “Madreseye-Nasiri”school. It was the first swallow in the field of education. After that in 1877 in Tabriz opened Tabriz State Madrasa. İn 1878 in Urmia opened higher medical school. The above-mentioned period developing of education in South Azerbaijani and İran’s Mirza Hasan Rushidiya’s was a great role. İn 1883 M.H.Rushidiyya opened in Irevan a new type of school - “Usuli-jadid” school. In 1887 in Tabriz opened the fist special type of school “Debestan” “Usuli –jadid. Created for schools he wrote “Veten dili” (Native language) and Ana dili text- books. In the South Azerbaijani education periods begun from the second half part of XIX century. Here the first newspapwer was “Azerbaijan”. This newspaper has been published as official in Tabriz in 1858. In 1880-1884 years inTabriz has been published as “Medeniyyat” (Culture) different types of new- spapers. Examples of immigrant press which was published in İstanbul. ”Akhter’’(Ulduz) and “Shahseven” newspapers. The publisher of “Akhter’ newspaper were Tahir Tabrizi and Mirza Mahdi Ekhter. The satirical newspaper of Shahseven has been published in 1888 by A.Talibov. 238 XIV Theme. Azerbaijan at the beginning of the XX century 1. The economic crisis in the world and Azerbaijan at the beginning of the XX century 2.National democratic movement in Azerbaijan the creation of political parties and public organizations. 3. National freedom movement Yüklə 1,5 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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