Dilgam ismailov

party idea welcomed warmly all regions of where Muslims 
living. For instance, in Caucasus, Crimean, Tatarstan, 
Central Asia, Siberia and etc.
On 15 August 1905 in Nizhny Novgorod held with 
Azerbaijan and Tatar bourgeoisies’ Common Russia 
Muslims the first congress. Topchubashov made an 
interesting presentation. At the congress noted importance 
of the merger on the basis of Islam and Turkism. Congress 
decided to create the Union of Muslims inside the Common 
Muslims Alliance. In 1905 after the 17 October after 
Manifest created the party which was intended.
On January 1906 in Petersburg held the II Common 
Russian Muslims congress. At the first meeting accepted 
that charter and program about the “Union of Muslims”. 
In the program purposes was that to unify common 
Russian and Turkish unified front to fight to against of 
colonial empire.
On august 1906 Nizhny Novgorod held the III 
Common Russian Muslims congress. At the congress 
decide to create committee for leading Muslims alliance 
which a central permanent place in Baku. Also at the 
congress decided to open new kinds of schools, access to 
primary compulsory education and organizing education in 
native language. For preparing national cadres decided to 
open universities in Baku, Kazan and Bakhchasaray.
On June 1905 in Baku the newspaper “Heyat” 
published. At the newspaper has been written we need to 
economic and political progress. We turkish, therefore we 
wish turkish people everywhere prosperity and a happy life. 

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İn 1906 autumn established “Muslims Charitable Society”. 
In 1906 with charity of H.Z.Tagiyev and M.Mukhtarov 
“Nashri-Maarif” society had great roles for educating 
people and development of national consciousness. In the 
development of national movement democratic intellec-
tuals, representatives as C.Mammadkuluzadeh, M.A.Sabir, 
M.S.Ordubadi, A.Gamkusar, A.Azimzadeh and others
unified around the Molla Nasraddinn magazine and fought 
over national colonial system and social injustice. They also 
demanded political freedoms and legal equality. H.Zardabi, 
U.Hajibayov, F.Kocerli called people to the national
renaissance with the publicist writings. 
In 1902 under the leadership of M.A.Rasulzadeh 
established “Musalman Ganjlik Taskilat” (“Muslim youth 
organization”). Later this party became” Muslim 
Democratic organization” or “Musavat society”. In 1904 
autumn prominent members of the intelligentsia Mir Hasan
Movsumov, Mammad hasan Hacinski and Mammad Amin 
Rasulzadeh created Muslims Social Democratic “Hummet” 
organization. During 1904-1905 years the “Hummet
organization” published “Hummet” newspaper. Unfortu-
nately Hummet newspaper gradually across the Bolsheviks 
side and walked away from its essence. M.A.Rasulzadeh 
and his collages comprehend Bolsheviks won’t destroyed 
Russia empire absolutely. Therefore M.A.Rasulzadeh and 
his collages decided to keep away from Hummet 
organization.
The massacres committed against Azerbaijan was very 
tragedy therefore our national bourgeoisie forced to creat a 
political parties and defense organization. For this purpose 
A.Agayev established “Difai” (Mudafie) (protection) party. 

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On October 1906 in the “Irshad” newspaper has been 
published. On the newspaper noticed that soil should be 
given toiling peasants. In the statement of Difai party's 
noticed that if armenians try to committed massacre in 
Azerbaijan they will punished. In 1907 May in Ganja under 
the leadership of Ismayil khan Ziyadkhan established 
“Mudafie”. In 1907 in Baku under the leadership of 
Sharifzadeh 
and 
Juvarlinski 
founded 
“Ittifaq” 
organization. This organization called people to merge for
protecting Armenian-Russian united army. 
In 1911 October had been established “Musavat” 
(Equality) party played an important role for united of our 
people. The creators of the party were Abbaskulu
Kazimzadeh, Tagi Nagiyev and M.A. Rasulzadeh. The 
program, which published in 1912 promised the unity of 
the Muslim peoples. In 1908 M.A.Rasulzadeh moved to 
Iran from there to Istanbul could changed absolutely the 
nature of Musavat party. The mean ideas of 
A.Huseynzadeh adopt “Turkish habits, accept Islam and 
to modernity”. At the Musavat party’s Kiev University was 
established under the leadership of the department of 
Chamanzaminli took an active part. During the Balkan wars 
the statement released by the party caused a great concern in 
the Caucasus. At the statement by applying to the Turkish 
people noticed to help the Osmanli Empire. But calling 
worried the Tsar government. Therefore againist party
started chases and consequently party his activity stopped in 
1913 gradually. But since 1917 again started to continued its 
political activity. In 1915 M.A.Rasulzadeh published as an 
official part of party “Achik soz” (“Open word”) 
newspaper.

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On 31 May 1906 in Azerbaijan held the first elections to 
the Duma. A prominent public and political figures 
A.Topchubashov, I.Ziyadkhanli, Mammadtagi Aliyev, 
Asadulla bay Muradhanov, A.Hagverdiyev were elected to 
the State Duma. A.Topchubashov and I.Ziyadkhanli were 
a lawyer. There were 46 deputies which united at the Duma 
inside the Muslims fraction. The chairman of fraction was 
A.Topchubashov. On April 1906, Duma started to work 
June 7 was released by the tsar. A group of deputies of the 
State Duma by gathered in the city of Vyborg and accepted 
a declaration. Among those who signed the declaration were 
A.Topchubashov and I.Ziyadhanov. Tsar the Nicholas II 
became angry that and released deputies their rights. Every 
one of them and had for 3 months in jail. Also Mr.Alimardan 
removed from his position in the newspaper “Caspi”.
At the beginning 1906-1907 years in Azerbaijan held 
election 
to 
the 
second 
the 
Duma. 
F.Xoyski, 
M.Sahtakhlinski, H.Khasmammadov, Ismayil Tagiyev, 
Mustafa Mahmudov and Zeynal Zeynalov had been 
eleceted to the second Duma. But one of them Ismayil 
Tagiyev didnt go to the Duma. On 20 February 1907 the
second Duma began the first meeting. Muslim deputies 
created their fraction. In this fraction included F.Xoyski 
and X.Khasmammadov. The program of the first Duma 
had been prepared by A.Topchubashov. At the program 
indicated Turkish people political and cultural problems. 
Azerbaijan deputies’ participated at the meetings daring 
and revelatory. In this case the speech of Ziyadkhanli at the 
Duma was very important. He called prove colonialists 
calamities brought upon the our nation with strong 

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arguments. The composition of the Duma did not accept 
autocracy.
On 3 June 1907 II Duma was released. The same day 
decided to held elections to the III Duma. 
İt means the 
nature of electoral law was colonialism character. 
Caucasus, Central Asian and Siberian peoples were 
considered not politically non-mature nations therefore 
were deprived from election rights. From the South 
Caucasus Muslims could elect to the third Duma only 
Mr.Khalil Khasmammadov. In 1912 September, October 
months in Azerbaijan held deputy elections to the IV 
Duma. All the South Caucasus Muslims only one deputy 
and lawyer Mammadyusif Cafarov had been elected. On 4 
April 1912 Siberian’s Lena mines shooting of calm 
demonstration of workers in Azerbaijan gave an impetus to 
the growth of the strike movement. On 7 May 1912 in 
Nukha silk industry workers began to strike. On 15 May 
according to the joint agreement employees’ working hours 
has been shorted and salary partially increased. The 
kachak movement government circles, landowners had 
troubled. In this movement Gandal Nagi and Mashadi 
Yolchu troops particularly distinguished. 
3. National freedom movement in the South Azerbaijan 
At the beginning of the XX century feudal exploitation 
of the peasants intensified. The Iran became Russia and the 
UK semi-colonial. According to these financial system, 
increased social discontent strengthened.
İnside the social 
classes in society dissatisfied bourgeoisies especially 
differed. Bourgeoises demanded establish a rule of law. 

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Also bourgeoises fought to the foreign capital which
hinders to the development local industry. On 12 
December 1905 In Tahran closed all markets. In Iran 
merchants and craftsmen of the national bourgeoisie 
members by striked in the sacred places started revolution 
in 
İran. The primary requirements of revolution consisted 
those: - accept constitution, called parliament and
impound foreign officials from the countr y.
On 5 August 1906 Sah issued a decree on constitutional 
after that announced elections to the parliament. People left 
places where had sit and markets, shops opened. But later 
known that the shah (king) will not fulfil promises. 
Therefore on 20 September in Tabriz group of people 
striked in front of English consoul. 
İn Tabriz every day 
were held meetings and strikes. On 29 September the letter 
which shah (king) sent to the Tabriz has been shown his 
promised about election to the parliament. Ijtimaiyyun–
amiyyun (Muchaid) - Social democtratic group which 
established in Baku played an revolution important role. 
During the 1905-1911 years of revolution Tabriz 
organization and his central governing body which called
“Secret center” operating a wide range. This “Secret center” 
by the end of the beginning of the revolution led movement 
in South Azerbaijan. After the achieved victory, in Tabriz 
started elections to the parliament. For this purpose was 
elected provibcial council from movement members. These 
kinds of councils created in Urmia, Ardabil, Maraga, 
Salmas, Maku, Zanjan, Khalkhal cities also. After the 
elections representatives went to Tehran.

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On 30 December 1906 Muzaffaraddin shah (king) 
signed a constitution. But in 1907 Mahammadali shah 
(king) won’t recognize a constitution which signed by his 
father. This news stimulated the movement in Tabriz. On 8 
February 1907 during the 
İran revulation in Tabriz under 
the leadership of “Secret center” happened the first armed 
revolt. All the government departments, military barracks 
were seized. The provincial governor and other state 
officials were arrested. As a sign of victory in the streets 
were hung red flags. At the city center a real authority 
passed into the hands of the city council. On 8 February 
Azerbaijani delegates reached to Tehran. The population 
of the capital welcomed them with a great solemnity. 
Iranian historians looked like their coming Jacobins visits 
into Paris. By the operating of Azerbaijani representatives 
in parliament, there was revival and revolution, the rise in 
parliament. Shah was forced to accepted all requirements. 
1907 the center of revolution gradually passed to the 
Tabriz city. The fate of the Iranian Revolution was solved 
in this city. The best success of tabrizians were the adoption 
of the Constitution. 
On 23 June 1908 in Iran the instructions of the shah 
with the team comandir of kazak brigade Lyaxov building 
and parliament was destroyed. People who participated at 
the revolution they were punished. This way happened 
revolution coup in the capital. In Tabriz movement was on 
the highest level. Starting from this period South 
Azerbaijan became the center of revolution in the Iran. 
Sattarkhan, Baghirkhan with his supporters showed a 
great courage in the defense of Tebriz for eleven months. 
Tabriz cut off contact with the outside world.

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In 1908 on 18 July Sattarkhan did a big heroism. He 
attacked with a small group to the center of Tebriz and 
cleaned all white flags from and plugged red flags to the 
instead of white ones.This event encouraged the Tabriz 
revolutionaries. Starting that amount of revolutionaries 
increased day by day. People with a great inspiration called 
Sattarkhan “Serdare-Milli”, Bagirkhan “Salare Milli”. It 
means they had been called as national gallant. The news 
of victory about Tabriz has spread to all provinces 
Azerbaijan. In 1908 November-December and during 1909 
January months except Makhu all provinces of South 
Azerbaijan had been cleaned from opposite revolutiona-
ries. The democratic government was restored. During the 
Constitution Revolution in 1908 June in foreign countries, 
to the revolutionaries was support especially from 
Caucasus, Central Asian, Osmanli Empire and other places.
Azerbaijani representatives of the bourgeoisie H.Z.Tagiyev
was a big support to the Iran revolution. He sent a big amount 
of money and weapons. With effect of 1908 September and 
October victories in Tehran and many provinces proponents of 
constitution came into action again. In Iran revolutionary work 
revived again. In 1909 end of January Tabriz city were 
blockaded again by opposite revolutionaries’ troops. Severe 
battles started. Starvation started in Tabriz. In this critical 
situation Russia with UK (United Kingdom) for protecting 
excuse on 25 April entered to the South Azerbaijan with a 
big troop. At the beginning of May in Tabriz Russian 
soldiers started abandonment of weapons. In 1909 at the 
beginning of July the son of Mohammad Ali shah 
announced a shah. Constitution was restored again. 

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For this purpose in 1910 On 11 March Sattarkhan had 
been invited to the Tehran. When Sattarkhan heard about 
it he was agree to left Tabriz. On 7 August the park which 
gathered patriots was attacked led by the Dashnak Yeprem 
by various armed groups. The battle, which lasted half 
night had died 18 people and Sattarkhan was injured. But 
government didnt allow to Sattarkhan and Bagirkhan to 
returned Tabriz. It was meant to stay in exile. On 20 
December, 1911 Russia troops attacked to Tabriz and on 
28 December the city's capture by the enemy, it resulted in 
the suppression of revolution. The occupiers set up a 
military court in Tabriz. Prominent leaders of the social 
democratic movement, who led the revolution, were 
executed in Tabriz. Thus, 1905-1911 Iran burjua 
revaluation the movement which played the leading and 
decisive role in Azerbaijan could stopped by the foreign 
troops. This revaluation in Azerbaijani people has created 
conditions for the development of social, political and 
national consciousness. Therefore that movement had a 
great role Azerbaijani people's struggle for national 
liberation and democracy.
4. Azerbaijan culture at the beginning of the XX century 
İn this period the changes in the social-economic and 
political life were reflected in the culture. The development 
of national consciousness and the formation of national 
ideology a talented young people who studied abroad pla-
yed an important role. The skillful children of the nation, in 
this purpose opening schools, thinking projects and compi-
lationing of programs and write textbooks. In 1906 on 
August at the first congress were accepted offers about new 

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kids schools, access from primary to the compulsory 
education and conducting education in native language. 
One of the reasons hindering the education in the North 
Azerbaijan conducting study in Russian language. 
Among our intellectuals were: H.B.Zerdabi, 
N.Narimanov, 
H.Mahmudbayov, 
S.M.Qanizadeh, 
R.Afandiyev, 
U.Hajibayov, 
M.A.Sabir, 
C.Mammadkuluzadeh, 
M.Sahtakhlinski, 
A.Shaiq, 
S.S.Akhundov and others criticized Azerbaijan educatiom
system and demanded to create new schools. A prominent 
poet M.A.Sabir had taught at the Balakhani school. 
S.S.Akhundov had taught in Baku a new kind of school. 
According to 1912 regulation all the city schools 
became higher primary schools. These kinds of schools 
entered who finished primary schools. On January in 1915 
there were 21 higher primary schools and 11 gymnasiums. 
There were opened schools for girls in Azerbaijan also. One 
of them was opened in 1901 in Baku by H.Z.Tagiyev. In 
1916 this 2 classes school became the ordinary primary 
school. In 1902 the school which opened in Ganja studied 
only Azerbaijan girls. 
In 1914 in Ganja opened the first teachers’ seminary. 
After 2 year 1916 in Baku opened the same kind of 
seminary. 1903-1905 years edited by Shahtakhtinski in 
Tbilisi in native language was published “Shargi-Russian” 
newspaper. The experience of newspaper inspired 
J.Mammadkuluzadeh. These kinds of ideas made him to 
stepped more serious could spread revolutionary democra-
tic ideas. This kind of newspaper as revolutionary and un-
der the influence of national freedom movement was a 
“Molla Nasraddin”. In 1906 April this magazine published 

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and operated 25 years. Magazine published in Tbilisi, later 
in Tabriz and Baku. Magazine played an important role 
for awakening nations. All the members of “Ishig” (Light) 
magazine which published by Khadija Alibayova were 
women. In 1905 J.Mammadkuluzadeh with O.Faik 
Nemanzadeh in Tbilisi published “Geyrat” typography 
house which had a great contribution in Azerbaijan culture.
At the beginning of the XX century started create the 
community of actors. In 1904 organized ‘’Muslim artists’ 
society”. H.Arablinski (1881-1919) created a variety of im-
mortal images. In 1916 he also participated at the first 
Azerbaijan cinema “In the Kingdom of Oil and 
Millionaires”. ”The splendor of Azerbaijan stage” 
H.Sarabski created some brilliant images. In 1909 by the 
support of S.Ruhulla, C.Zeynalov and H.Arablinski in 
Tabriz Southern Azerbaijan established the first theatre. In 
1912 the first Azerbaijan actress was a Shovkat 
Mammadova. 
The founder of the national opera composer of our 
scene U.Hajibayov (1885-1948) had an important role. In 
1908 on 12 January “Leyli and Majnun” opera the first was 
staged. 
İn the Majnun role was H.Sarabski at the Leyli role 
played A.Farajov. Afterwards Ahmad Agdamski played in 
the Leyli role. After the “Leyli and Majnun”opera’s 
U.Hajibayov created “Sheykh Sanan”, ”Rustam and 
Sohrab”, ”Asli and Kerem”, ”Shah Abbas and Khursud 
Banu”, ”Harun and Leyla” operas. U.Hajibayov was the 
founder of musical comedy. His ‘’Er ve arvad” (husband 
and wife), “O olmasin bu olsun” (Neither this nor that), 
“Arshin mal alan” kinds of comedies brought him the 

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popularity of the world. In 1916 M.Magomayev’s “Shah 
Ismayil” opera was stage and caused interest the audiences.
Ezim Ezimzadeh (1880-1943) played a great role for 
developing of “Molla Nasreddin” magazine more than 20 
years. 1914 his Illustrations for the “Hophopname” 
increased him a fame. Bahruz Kangarli was the painting 
specially trained professional artist. He drew more than 300 
pictures and caricatures. His “Refugee children” were of 
great interest. 
İn Baku residential buildings in the city in a 
unique architectural style, the majestic beauty of the 
monuments would bring pretty to the city. Mohammad was 
overly services in the field of urban planning. He after the 
graduation of Petersburg Technology University returned 
back to Baku and since 1908 have headed the branch of 
Baku city department. This period in Southern Azerbaijan 
37 national schools operated which 22 of them located in 
Tabriz. These kinds of schools educated Azerbaijan and 
persian in additional arabian, french and russian languages. 
In 1905 a prominent state education worker M.H Rushdiy-
ya’s “Vatan dili” (“Native language”) textbook were given 
to students. In 1917 Southern Azerbaijan opened the first 
higher school. 
During 1909-1916 years with leadership the prominent 
actors Sidgi Ruhulla and Abbas Mirza Sharifzadeh Baku 
theatre troupes several times show performance in Tabriz. 
Their performances A Hagverdiyev, N Vazirov and 
N.Narimanov also other western dramas were. Thus, in this 
period in South Azerbaijan was founded the National Theatre. 
In 1916 in Tabriz the first built theatre building. The theater 
performances were in Azerbaijan language therefore was 
received very well by the local people. These kinds of theatre 
performances helped to improve Azerbaijan language, 

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spread of Azerbaijan culture and development of literary 
language. 

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