5. Conclusions
This study sought to better understand the relationship between armed conflict and antiquities
looting using a newly created quantitative data set and empirical analysis. Open source news
stories were used to create a time series dataset of reports of antiquities looting and armed conflict.
Then, using autoregressive distributed lag models and a bounds testing approach, the study analyzed
the data with respect to three hypotheses: (1) antiquities looting and armed conflict are positively
related; (2) an increase in antiquities looting is associated with an increase in armed conflict; and (3) an
increase in armed conflict is associated with an increase in antiquities looting. The first and second
hypotheses received moderate support; however, the third hypothesis received weak support.
Several findings are worth highlighting. First, looting in the month or quarter prior seems to be
associated with a positive change in incidents of armed conflict, which could either be an increase
in the magnitude of armed conflict incidents or the beginning of armed conflict. Second, while the
analyses did not support the hypothesis that increases in armed conflict are associated with an increase
in antiquities looting, this does not mean opportunistic looting does not occur. Rather, this suggests
that these data are not able to capture this type of looting. Third, despite the limitations in the data,
these analyses demonstrate the value in using quantitative data. They allow for a more nuanced
analysis of the relationship between antiquities looting and armed conflict that could complement
individual case studies or journalistic evidence. They also enable the use of quantitative methods such
as multiple time series. Finally, this research emphasizes the importance of using quantitative methods
to better understand this relationship. Though this research is an initial attempt to apply empirical
analysis, the findings are significant and provide a baseline and direction for future research.
Based on this study, future research should be conducted in several areas. First, future research
should consider other sources of quantitative data to address the limitations of using open source news
stories. Second, quantitative methods should be used to investigate the relationship between antiquities
looting and different types of armed conflict. Finally, additional research should be conducted to
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account for alternative explanations to try to get at a causal relationship between antiquities looting
and armed conflict.
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