2.2 Drawings as a research method In recent decades childhood research has experienced a paradigm shift that has had a
comprehensive impact on research design and methods. While it was common to view
children as objects, the shift has led to children being increasingly viewed as subjects
in the research process by using methodologies such as observations or test
procedures (Hill,
1997
). Among other things, this shift has led to increased use of
participatory and visual methods and processes in childhood research. With respect
to visual research, drawings, videos, and photographs have been recognized as one of
the crucial methods (Einarsdóttir,
2007
). Visual methods are not only effective
because of the richness of produced data, but also because of the quality of the data
providing insights into children’s everyday lives (Einarsdóttir,
2007
). Drawing is a
creative method based on inventive and imaginative processes with drawings as a
research tool having the function of capturing children’s individual experiences
(Veale,
2005
). Children perceive drawing as a way of expressing themselves (Laine et
al.,
2015
). Their drawings are shaped by “perception, emotions and motivations,
cognitions, and skills and abilities” (Gramel,
2008
, p. 34). Guided by emotion,
children communicate through drawings what occupies them, what is important to
them, and what they experience (Gramel,
2008
), and thus provide a holistic insight
into their emotional lifeworld (Einarsdóttir,
2007
; Kearney & Hyle,
2004
; Veale,
2005
). For children, drawing is much more than a simple representation of what they
see before them; rather it can be understood as one way in which they are making
sense of their experiences (Anning & Ring,
2004
).
Drawings are considered a useful research method when subjects cannot
adequately express or verbalize content in response to research questions, as they
require little or no language mediation (Thomson,
2008
; Weber & Mitchell,
1996
).
Another advantage of using drawings as a research object is that the interviewees,
through the support of the drawings, answer honestly and reduce their answers to the
essentials (Nossiter & Biberman,
1990
). Moreover, children participate more in
research when it is fun for them and when they can express their creativity (Punch,
2002
). Through colors, in particular, children can highlight emotions and create an
effect in the viewer and the drawer themselves (Neuß,
2014
). According to Harrison
et al. (
2007
), emotions that are felt particularly negatively can be better expressed in
drawings than through language. Furthermore, the drawers can be observed while
drawing (Clark,
2005
; Einarsdóttir,
2007
; Punch,
2002
), and thus the interpretations
of the drawers themselves, or explanations about the drawn image can be
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experienced. Additionally, Kearney and Hyle (
2004
) found that using participant-
produced drawings is more likely to accurately represent participants’ experiences
and emotions. Participant-produced drawings function as a catalyst, helping
participants to articulate their feelings, emotions, and lived experiences. In that
manner, the participant approach allows for depth of discussion, participant’s shaping
of agenda, and encourages collaborative meaning-making as well as reliable and
trustworthy data (Kearney & Hyle,
2004
).