2.3 Emotional classroom climate research
Current research on emotions and their development in mathematics education
focused mainly on the secondary and less on the primary level (Reindl & Hascher,
2013
). Yet, research across disciplines shows there is a decline in enthusiasm for
learning and school over the first years of education, and everyday school life is
increasingly accompanied by negative emotions (e.g., Helmke,
1993
; Reindl &
Hascher,
2013
). Here, especially negatively experienced emotions, such as boredom,
are the main accompanying symptoms of school experience (Eder,
1995
). For
instance, Reindl and Hascher (
2013
) investigated the emotional feelings (i.e., joy,
interest, anger, fear, and boredom) of 165 Austrian elementary school students
2
in
Grades 1 to 4 during mathematics lessons using a questionnaire at different points in
time over a period of two school years. In particular, they were interested in whether
a decrease in the positively experienced emotions of joy and interest had an effect on
the negatively experienced anger, fear, and boredom. They reported that positive
emotions were more pronounced than negative emotions in each of the grade levels
studied, with Grade 1 students showing the most positive emotions, meaning that
“children [...] experience more positive and fewer negative emotions toward
mathematics” (Reindl & Hascher,
2013
, p. 283) at the beginning of their schooling.
Over the course of the first school year, the positive emotions decreased. In the survey,
positive emotions increased in Grade 2 and remained relatively stable in Grades 3 and
4 (Reindl & Hascher,
2013
). Specifically, the students experienced overall the emotion
of joy at a relatively high level. Within the respective school years, a decrease in
negatively experienced emotions was always ascertainable (Reindl & Hascher,
2013
).
Although negative emotions are subject to a slight recovery effect during the transition
from primary to secondary school (van Ophuysen,
2008
), a stronger focus on primary
2
The sample was reduced to 121 students in the course of the study.
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851
grades is important and necessary.
Although numerous studies researching emotions employed methods such as
interviews, observations, and questionnaires (e.g., Reindl & Hascher,
2013
; Schmude,
2005
), in the last decade, there has been an increase in studies on emotions and
emotional classroom climate using visual research methods, such as drawings (e.g.,
Dahlgren Johansson & Sumpter,
2010
; Glasnović Gracin & Kuzle,
2018
; Laine et al.,
2013
,
2015
,
2020
; Tuohilampi et al.,
2016
). These studies have shown that children’s
drawings have great potential to provide a thorough insight into different aspects of
classroom climate in school mathematics. For instance, Laine et al. (
2013
)
investigated the emotional atmosphere of 133 Finnish Grade 3 students from a total
of nine mathematics classes, using students’ drawings only. The emotional classroom
climate was classified into five categories (i.e., positive, ambivalent, negative, neutral,
unidentifiable) based on the students’ and teachers’ mode (i.e., facial expressions) as
well as on their speech and thought bubbles illustrated in the drawings. Overall, 38%
of the drawings showed a positive emotional atmosphere in mathematics class. In
addition, 33% of the drawings were rated as ambivalent, 15% as neutral, 5% as
unidentifiable, and 10% with a negative emotional atmosphere (Laine et al.,
2013
).
Since the difference between positive and ambivalent categories was not that big,
Laine et al. (
2013
) concluded that the emotional atmosphere in Grade 3 mathematics
classes was mainly positive. In a further study, Laine et al. (
2015
) researched the
emotional atmosphere of 136 Finnish Grade 5 students from a total of eight
mathematics classes. The research design and the evaluation of the children’s
drawings followed the same criteria as in the study of third graders (Laine et al.,
2013
).
Overall, 36% of the drawings showed a positive classroom climate, 34% ambivalent,
13% neutral, 14% negative, and 3% were not identifiable. Since both reported studies
(Laine et al.,
2013
,
2015
) addressed the same research questions, a comparison of the
results between Grade 3 and Grade 5 students is possible. Over the course of the
school years, the proportions of atmospheres drawn that were rated as positive as well
as those rated as negative changed between the two grade levels. The assessment of
drawings depicting negative emotional atmospheres in mathematics lessons
noticeably increased. There was an increase of 4% compared to the third graders from
the study two years earlier. In total, 14% of the drawings were assessed as negative,
whereas the percentage of positively rated drawings (38%) decreased by 2% to 36%
(Laine et al.,
2015
). Thus, the results of both studies suggested there was a negative
LUMAT
852
trend regarding emotional atmosphere in mathematics classrooms over the school
years (Laine et al.,
2020
).
Similarly, Dahlgren Johansson and Sumpter (
2010
) presented a comparative
analysis of children’s conceptions of mathematics and mathematics education in
Grades 2 (N = 19) and 5 (N = 11) using drawings. The results showed that there was a
significant decrease in positively perceived attitudes toward the subject of
mathematics from the study group of Grade 2 to the study group of Grade 5 students.
Overall, only five Grade 5 students rated their attitude toward mathematics as
positive, in contrast to 17 positive ratings from Grade 2 students. The most frequently
displayed emotion of Grade 2 students was happiness, sometimes combined with a
quirky thoughtfulness, whereas Grade 5 students most frequently displayed calmness
and frustration (Dahlgren Johansson & Sumpter,
2010
).
In comparison to the above-mentioned studies, Glasnović Gracin and Kuzle
(
2018
) analyzed the emotional climate in school mathematics in the context of
geometry lessons using participant-produced drawings. Here, a multiple case study
with four high-achieving Croatian students from Grades 2 to 5 was conducted. The
drawings were analyzed based on facial features, and thought and speech bubbles as
suggested by Laine et al. (
2013
,
2015
), and Zambo (
2006
), but expanded by also
looking at body language. The results of the study were aligned with those of Laine et
al. (
2013
) with the emotional climate in geometry lessons on the level of the individual
being positive (Grades 2-3), unidentifiable (Grade 5) or ambivalent (Grade 4), but in
no case dominantly negative. Since a multiple case study was conducted, Glasnović
Gracin and Kuzle (
2018
) could not portray a comprehensive picture of the emotional
climate in geometry lessons, but rather case-based results. For that reason, the results
were neither representative of a broader population nor generalizable.
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