Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs International Energy Agency Eurostat European Environment Agency

(c) International Conventions and Agreements: The importance of ensuring the 
protection of marine and fresh waters has been recognized by the Convention on 
Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 
(UNCLOS), which advocates an integrated, ecosystem approach to protect the oceans 
and coastal areas. Other conventions include the non-binding Global Programme of 
Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities 
(GPA); the Washington Declaration (1995) implemented by the United Nations 
Environment Programme (UNEP); and the Paris Convention (1974). The Convention 
on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses provides 
measures to protect, preserve and manage these watercourses. It addresses such issues 
as flood control, water quality, erosion, sedimentation, saltwater intrusion and living 

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resources. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) 
Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and 
International Lakes (1992) includes national and international measures to prevent, 
control and reduce the release of hazardous substances into the aquatic environment. 
It also includes measures to abate eutrophication and acidification, as well for the 
prevention, control and reduction of transboundary pollution. The goal is to encourage 
sustainable water management, conservation of water resources and environmental 
protection. 
(d) 
International Targets/Recommended Standards: The World Health 
Organization (WHO) has established some water law standards. 
(e) Linkages to Other Indicators: This indicator is linked to indicators of energy 
production and electricity generation and to other environmental indicators such as 
discharges of oil into coastal waters, greenhouse gas emissions, air pollutant 
emissions, etc.