Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs International Energy Agency Eurostat European Environment Agency

Annex 4: Units and Conversion Factors
1
 
Table A4.1: General Conversion Factors for Energy 
To: 
TJ 
Gcal 
Mtoe 
MBtu 
GWh 
From: 
Multiply by: 
Terajoule (TJ) 
1 
238.8 
2.388 x 10
-5
947.8 0.2778 
Gigacalorie (Gcal) 
4.1868 x 10
-3
1 
10
-7
3.968 
1.163 x 10
-3
Million tonnes of oil 
equivalent (Mtoe) 
4.1868 x 10
4
10
7
1 
3.968 x 10
7
11 
630 
Million British thermal 
units (Mbtu) 
1.0551 x 10
-3
0.252 
2.52 x 10
-8
1 
2.931 x 10
-4
Gigawatt-hour (GWh) 
3.6 
860 
8.6 x 10
-5
3412 
1 
Table A4.2: Conversion Factors for Mass 
To:
kg 
t 
lt 
st 
lb 
From: 
Multiply by: 
Kilogram (kg) 
1 0.001 
9.84 x 10
-4
1.102 x 10
-3
2.2046 
Tonne (t) 
1000 1 0.984 
1.1023 
2204.6 
Long ton (lt) 
1016 1.016 1 1.120 2240.0 
Short ton (st) 
907.2 0.9072 0.893 
1 2000.0 
Pound (lb) 
0.454 
4.54 x 10
-4
4.46 x 10
-4
5.0 x 10
-4
1 
Table A4.3: Conversion Factors for Volume 
To:
gal U.S. 
gal U.K. 
bbl 
ft
3
 
l 
m
3
 
From: 
Multiply by: 
U.S. gallon (gal) 
1 0.8327 
0.02381 
0.1337 
3.785 
0.0038 
U.K. gallon (gal) 
1.201 1 0.02859 
0.1605 
4.546 
0.0045 
Barrel (bbl) 
42.0 34.97 1 
5.615 
159.0 
0.159 
Cubic foot (ft
3
) 
7.48 6.229 0.1781 
1 28.3 
0.0283 
Litre (l) 
0.2642 0.220 0.0063 0.0353 1 0.001 
Cubic metre (m
3
) 
264.2 220.0 6.289 35.3147 
1000.0 1 
Table A4.4: Decimal Prefixes 
10
1
deca 
(da) 
10
-1
deci 
(d) 
10
2
hecto 
(h) 
10
-2
centi 
(c) 
10
3
kilo 
(k) 
10
-3
milli 
(m) 
10
6
mega 
(M) 
10
-6
micro 
(µ) 
10
9
giga 
(G) 
10
-9
nano 
(n) 
10
12
tera 
(T) 
10
-12
pico 
(p) 
10
15
peta 
(P) 
10
-15
femto 
(f) 
10
18
exa 
(E) 10
-18
atto 
(a) 
1
Source: International Energy Agency 

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Document Outline

• COPYRIGHT NOTICE
• FOREWORD
• CONTENTS
• 1. INTRODUCTION
• 2. BACKGROUND
  • 2.1 The United Nations Effort on Indicators of Sustainable Development
  • 2.2 Energy Indicators and Sustainable Development: The Commission on Sustainable Development and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation
  • 2.3 Energy Indicator Efforts in Participating Agencies
• 3. ENERGY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
  • 3.1 The Indicators as a Measure of Progress
  • 3.2 Dimensions of Sustainable Development
  • 3.3 Accommodating National Sustainability and Development Priorities
  • 3.4 Establishing Links and Causality
  • 3.5 Data and Statistics for the Indicators
  • 3.6 Auxiliary Statistics/Indicators
  • 3.7 Methodology Sheets
• 4. SELECTING AND USING ENERGY INDICATORS
  • 4.1 Information Gathering
  • 4.2 Statistical Considerations: Time Series, Missing Data and Interpretation in Context
  • 4.3. Priorities and Approaches for Individual Countries
• 5. METHODOLOGY SHEETS
  • SOCIAL DIMENSION
  • ECONOMIC DIMENSION
  • ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• RELATED INTERNET SITES
• ANNEX 1: GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS
• ANNEX 2: LIST OF ACRONYMS
• ANNEX 3: A DECOMPOSITION METHOD FOR ENERGY USE INTENSITY INDICATORS
• Annex 4: Units and Conversion Factors