Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs International Energy Agency Eurostat European Environment Agency

(b) National and International Data Availability: Two particularly important 
international data sources are the following: 
CONCAWE (CONservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe): The oil companies’ 
European association for environment, health and safety in refining and distribution, 
CONCAWE issues reports on a regular basis on West European oil refinery effluents, 
including water quality, oil content and quantities. 
ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited): Since 1974, 
ITOPF has maintained a database on oil spills from tankers, combined carriers and 
barges. 
International sea commissions are also sources of data and contribute information 
about aerial surveillance activities, estimates of direct oil discharges from specific 
point sources, etc. 
(c) Data References: Data at the regional level are available from the Regional Seas 
Programme of the UNEP (http://www.unep.ch/seas/rshome.html).
Data at the international level may be available from the United Nations 
Environmental Assessment sub-programme (http://www.unep.org). 

---

108 
REFERENCES 
• EEA, 2003. Europe’s Water: An Indicator-Based Assessment. Topic report no. 
1/2003. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environment Agency. 
• Hettige, H., Mani, M., Wheeler, D., 1998. Industrial Pollution in Economic 
Development: Kuznets Revisited. Available at http://www.worldbank.org/nipr. 
• IMO, 1994. Guidelines for Marine Environmental Assessments. Report no. 54. 
London, UK: International Maritime Organization. 
• OECD, 1989. Energy and the Environment: Policy Overview. Paris, France: 
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/ 
International Energy Agency (IEA). 
• UNEP, 1995. Biological Indicators and Their Use in the Measurement of the 
Condition of the Marine Environment. Report no. 55. Nairobi, Kenya: United 
Nations Environment Programme. 
• UNEP, 1996. Report on the Survey of Pollutants from Land-Based Sources in 
the Mediterranean Sea. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment 
Programme.