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various nervous system designs developed independently or if the arrangement of the invertebrate
body plan somehow "flipped" during the evolution of vertebrates.
The nervous system is made up of
neurons
, specialized cells that can receive and transmit chemical
or
electrical signals, and
glia
, cells that provide support functions for the neurons by playing an
information processing role that is complementary to neurons. A neuron
can be compared to an
electrical wire—it transmits a signal from one place to another. Glia can be compared to the
employees of the electric company who ensure that wires are run to the proper locations, maintain
the wires, and remove damaged wires. Despite being compared to workers, glia may also usurp some
of the signaling
capabilities of neurons, according to recent research.
The varieties of neurons and glia that are found in various regions of the nervous system are extremely
diverse. There are four main categories of neurons, and they all share
a number of vital cellular
elements.
Neurons
The nervous system of the common laboratory fly,
Drosophila melanogaster
, contains around
100,000 neurons, the same number as a lobster. In comparison, the mouse has 75 million and the
octopus has 300 million. There are about 86 billion neurons in the human brain. The nervous systems
of these animals control many of the same behaviors despite having
very different numbers of
neurons, from simple reflexes to more complex behaviors like seeking food and courting partners.
All of these behaviors are driven by neurons' capacity to communicate with other cell types and with
each other.
The cellular components of most neurons are similar. Neurons are highly specialized, but they
are also different in size and shape depending on their functional roles.
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