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Figure 150.
(a) Astrocytes and (b) oligodendrocytes are glial cells of the central nervous system
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7.4 Reading #3:
The Endocrine System
Types of Hormones
The body's various systems and organs must work in harmony to maintain homeostasis.
Hormones are chemicals that are released when communication between cells or between cells and
tissues in different parts of the body is necessary. These chemicals are transported to their target cells
by hormones that are released into bodily fluids, typically blood. The hormones cause a reaction at
the
target cells, which are cells that have a receptor for a signal or ligand from a signal cell. The
endocrine system is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones. The thyroid gland,
which produces thyroid hormones that control metabolic rates, and the adrenal gland, which produces
hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine that regulate reactions to stress, are two examples of
glands in the endocrine system.
Despite the fact that the human body contains
a wide variety of hormones, they can be
categorized into three groups based on their chemical makeup: hormones
that derive from lipids,
amino acids, and peptides (proteins and peptides), and hormones that are not. The ability of lipid-
derived hormones to diffuse across plasma membranes, as opposed to peptide and amino acid-derived
hormones, is one of their primary distinguishing characteristics.
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