Figure 174. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels fluctuate in a cyclical manner. However, the burning of
fossil fuels in recent history has caused a dramatic increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s
atmosphere, which have now reached levels never before seen in human history. Scientists predict that the
addition of this “greenhouse gas” to the atmosphere is resulting in climate change that will significantly
impact biodiversity in the coming century.
Habitat Loss Humans rely on technology to alter their surroundings and take over some tasks that the
natural ecosystem formerly handled. Other species cannot do this. Elimination of their ecosystem—
whether it is a forest, a desert, a grassland, a freshwater estuarine, or a marine environment—will kill
the individuals belonging to the species. If we destroy every habitat in a species' range, that species
will go extinct. In the second half of the 20th century, habitat destruction by humans picked up speed.
Consider Sumatra's exceptional biodiversity: it is home to the Sumatran tiger, one species of
orangutan, and a critically endangered elephant species. However, half of Sumatra's forest is now
extinct. Similar amounts of forest have been lost on Borneo, the neighboring island that is home to
other orangutan species. In Borneo's protected areas, forest loss has continued. The International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has now listed all three species of orangutans as
endangered, but they are merely the most well-known among the thousands of species that will perish
when the forests of Sumatra and Borneo are destroyed. The forests are removed for timber and to
plant palm oil plantations (Figure 175). Palm oil is used in many products including food products,
cosmetics, and biodiesel in Europe. A five-year estimate of global forest cover loss for the years
2000–2005 was 3.1 percent. In the humid tropics where forest loss is primarily from timber extraction,
272,000 km
2
was lost out of a global total of 11,564,000 km
2
(or 2.4 percent). In the tropics, these
losses certainly also represent the extinction of species because of high levels of
endemism —species
unique to a defined geographic location, and found nowhere else.