64
Figure 35.
The effects of crossing over, the blue chromosome came from the individual’s father and the red
chromosome came from the individual’s mother. There is chromatid crossover between homologous
chromosomes' non-sister chromatids. A genetic material exchange between homologous chromosomes is the
outcome. Recombinant chromosomes are those that contain both maternal and
paternal sequence, while non-
recombinant chromosomes are those that are entirely either maternal or paternal.
The attachment of the spindle fiber microtubules to the kinetochore proteins at the centromeres is the
main event in prometaphase I. The centrosomes that form the microtubules from the cell's two poles move
toward the center of the cell. At the end of prometaphase I, each tetrad is attached to microtubules from both
poles, with one homologous chromosome attached at one pole and the other homologous chromosome attached
to the other pole. At chiasmata, the homologous chromosomes are still bound together. The nuclear membrane
has also completely disintegrated.
The homologous chromosomes are positioned in the center of the cell during metaphase I, with the kinetochores
facing the opposite poles. Each homologous pair of chromosomes in the cell's center is arranged randomly.
The second type of genetic variation in offspring is produced physically as a result of this randomness,
known as independent assortment. Remember that a sexually reproducing organism receives
two separate sets
of homologous chromosomes at conception—one from each parent. Using humans as an example, one set of
23 chromosomes is present in the egg donated by the mother. The father provides the other set of 23
chromosomes in the sperm that fertilizes the egg. In metaphase I, these pairs line up at the midway point
between the two poles of the cell. The positioning of the tetrads at the metaphase plate is random because there
is an equal chance that a microtubule fiber will come into contact with a chromosome
that was inherited from
the mother or the father. Any chromosome that was passed down maternally may face either pole. Any
chromosome that was inherited from the father can be facing either pole. Each tetrad's orientation is unrelated
to the positions of the other 22 tetrads.
In each cell that undergoes meiosis, the arrangement of the tetrads is different. The number of variations
depends on the number of chromosomes making up a set. There are two possibilities for orientation (for each
tetrad); thus, the possible number of alignments equals 2
n
where
n
is the number of chromosomes per set.
Humans have 23 chromosome pairs, which results in over eight million (2
23
) possibilities. The variability that
crossover had previously brought about in the sister chromatids is not considered in this number. Given these
two processes, it is extremely unlikely that any two meiotic haploid cells will have the same genetic makeup.
In anaphase I, The linked chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers. The centromere continues
to maintain a strong bond between the sister chromatids. As the fibers connected to the fused kinetochores pull
the homologous chromosomes apart during anaphase I, the chiasma connections are shattered.
In telophase I, the split chromosomes reach their respective poles.
Depending on the species, the
remaining typical telophase events might or might not take place. In some organisms, the chromosomes
decondense and nuclear envelopes form around the chromatids in telophase I.
Cytokinesis, In other organisms, the physical division of the cytoplasmic components into two daughter
cells takes place without the nuclei reforming. In nearly all species, cytokinesis divides the contents of the cells
into two daughter cells by creating either a cleavage furrow (in animals and some fungi) or a cell plate, which
will eventually result in the formation of cell walls (in plants). At each pole, there is just one member of each
pair
of the homologous chromosomes, so only one full set of the chromosomes is present. Because each
homolog still consists of two sister chromatids that are still connected to one another, the cells are still regarded
as haploid despite having duplicate copies of the same chromosome set. The sister chromatids were once
identical copies of the same chromosome, but crossovers have caused them to diverge at this point.
To summarize the genetic consequences of meiosis I: the maternal and paternal genes are recombined
by crossover events occurring on each homologous pair during prophase I; in addition, the random assortment
of tetrads at metaphasе produces a unique combination of matеrnal and paternal chromosomes that will make
their way into the gametes
23
.
23
Fowler, S., Roush, R. & Wise, J. (2017)
Concepts in Biology,
Chapter 7, -Pp. 157-160 OpenStax,
https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology