Questions 20-24
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 20-24 write:
YES if the statement is true according to the passage
NO if the statement contradicts the passage
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
20 Cigarette marketing has declined in the US since tobacco advertising was
banned on TV.
21 Tobacco companies claim that their advertising targets existing smokers.
22 The difference in initiation rates between male and female smokers at the turn
of the 19
Lh
century was due to selective marketing.
23 Women who took up smoking in the past lost weight.
24 The two surveys show different trends in cigarette initiation.
Questions 25-27
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the Reading Passage. Use NO
MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 25-27 on
your answer sheet.
Tobacco companies are currently being accused of aiming their advertisements
mainly at... (25).,,
Statistics on smoking habits for men born between 1890 and 1899 were gathered in
the year ... (26)...
The ... (27)... brand of cigarettes was designed for a particular sex.
Practice Test: Academic Reading
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
The Pursuit of Happiness
New research uncovers some
anti-intuitive insights into how
many people are happy - and why.
Compared with misery, happiness is
relatively unexplored terrain for social
scientists, Between 1967 and 1994, 46,380
articles indexed in Psychological Abstracts
mentioned depression, 36,851 anxiety, and
5,099 anger. Only 2,389 spoke of
happiness, 2,340 life satisfaction, and 405
joy.
Recently we and other researchers have
begun a systematic study of happiness.
During the past two decades, dozens of
investigators throughout the world have
asked several hundred thousand
representatively sampled people to reflect
on their happiness and satisfaction with life
- or what psychologists call "subjective
well-being". In the US the National Opinion
Research Center at the University of
Chicago has surveyed a representative
sample of roughly 1,500 people a year
since 1957; the Institute for Social
Research at the University of Michigan has
carried out similar studies on a less regular
basis, as has the Gallup Organization.
Government-funded efforts have also
probed the moods of European countries,
We have uncovered some surprising
findings. People are happier than one might
expect, and happiness does not appear to
depend significantly on external
circumstances. Although viewing life as a
tragedy has a long and honorable history,
the responses of random samples of
people around the world about their
happiness paints a much rosier picture. In
the University of Chicago surveys, three in
10 Americans say they are very happy, for
example. Only one in 10 chooses the most
negative description "not too happy". The
majority describe themselves as "pretty
happy", ...
How can social scientists measure
something as hard to pin down as
happiness? Most researchers simply ask
people to report their feelings of happiness
or unhappiness and to assess how
satisfying their lives are. Such self-reported
well-being is moderately consistent over
years of retesting. Furthermore, those who
say they are happy and satisfied seem
happy to their close friends and family
members and to a psychologist-interviewer.
Their daily mood ratings reveal more
positive emotions, and they smile more
than those who call themselves unhappy.
Self-reported happiness also predicts other
indicators of well-being. Compared with the
depressed, happy people are less self-
focused, less hostile and abusive, and less
susceptible to disease.
We have found that the even distribution
of happiness cuts across almost all
demographic classifications of age,
economic class, race and educational level.
In addition, almost all strategies for
assessing subjective well-being - including
those that sample people's experience by
polling them at random times with beepers
- turn up similar findings.
Interviews with representative samples of
people of all ages, for example, reveal that
no time of life is notably happier or
unhappier. Similarly, men and women are
equally likely to declare themselves "very
From "The Pursuit of Happiness" by David G, Myers and Ed Diener.
Copyright © May 1996 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.
Practice Test: Academic Reading
happy" and "satisfied" with life, according to
a statistical digest of 146 studies by Marilyn
J, Haring, William Stock and Morris A,
Okun, all then at Arizona State University.
, , , Wealth is also a poor predictor of
happiness. People have not become
happier over time as their cultures have
become more affluent. Even though
Americans earn twice as much in today's
dollars as they did in 1957, the proportion
of those telling surveyors from the National
Opinion Research Center that they are "very
happy" has declined from 35 to 29 percent.
Even very rich people - those surveyed
among Forbes magazine's 100 wealthiest
Americans - are only slightly happier than
the average American. Those whose
income has increased over a 10-year
period are not happier than those whose
income is stagnant. Indeed, in most nations
the correlation between income and
happiness is negligible - only in the poorest
countries, such as Bangladesh and India, is
income a good measure of emotional well-
being,
Are people in rich countries happier, by
and large, than people in not so rich
countries? It appears in general that they
are, but the margin may be slim. In Portugal,
for example, only one in 10 people reports
being very happy, whereas in the much
more prosperous Netherlands the
proportion of very happy is four in 10. Yet
there are curious reversals in this correlation
between national wealth and well-being -
the Irish during the 1980s consistently
reported greater life satisfaction than the
wealthier West Germans. Furthermore,
other factors, such as civil rights, literacy
and duration of democratic government, all
of which also promote reported life
satisfaction, tend to go hand in hand with
national wealth, As a result, it is impossible
to tell whether the happiness of people in
wealthier nations is based on money or is a
by-product of other felicities.
Although happiness is not easy to predict
from material circumstances, it seems
consistent for those who have it, In one
National Institute on Aging study of 5,000
adults, the happiest people in 1973 were
still relatively happy a decade later, despite
changes in work, residence and family
status,
Practice Test: Academic Reading
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