IELTS 5 Practice Tests, Academic Set 4
TEST 18
READING
Page 61
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 - 13, which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
Antarctica, like all large landmasses, contains minerals, oil and gas. There is no
government of
Antarctica in the way that people understand it in the rest of the world. This is largely because there
are no indigenous inhabitants; the only habitations are scientific stations that people visit for short
time periods, usually from a couple of months to just over a year. The current status of mining in
the Antarctic is the result of a complex history involving a variety of disciplines – geology,
economics and the politics of international agreements.
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic, also known as The Madrid Protocol,
bans all mineral resource activities in Antarctica other than for the purpose of research. Mining was
banned in Antarctica for a variety
of reasons, but mainly because mining poses a real menace to
the ecological integrity of the continent. This protocol was not the first negotiated relating to
Antarctica. In the 1980’s, the question of possible mineral exploitation (including the
extraction of
oil and gas) was addressed by the nations of the Antarctic Treaty. The participants negotiated an
agreement called the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
(CRAMRA), which would have regulated mining should it have ever been contemplated. CRAMRA,
however, did not come into force, as the Madrid Protocol came into effect instead.
Mining in Antarctica would be difficult. A common way of commencing mineral exploration
elsewhere is to pan for gold or heavy metals or minerals in rivers. More detailed exploration
involves river water sampling to locate likely ore bodies. Antarctica, however, does not have many
rivers, and those that do exist are very small, seasonal and drain limited areas. Thus, heavy mineral
placer deposits are very unlikely. Similarly, because of the different oceanographic conditions and
lack of beaches, the heavy mineral beach sands so important in Australia are unavailable. In
addition to this, there are various other problems facing possible mining in Antarctica: the cold, the
ice covering land and sea, drifting icebergs that could collide with platforms and
mining
infrastructure, the remoteness from inhabited places and the sheer cost of operations.
Minerals have been discovered in Antarctica as a result of geological studies. However, there are
some features of Antarctica that dramatically reduce the chance of mineral availability. Firstly,
ninety-eight per cent of the continent is overlain by ice up to four kilometres thick and thus very
little area is accessible for exploration. Secondly, many types of minerals that are important
elsewhere on Earth cannot be expected in Antarctica. Thirdly, certain mineral occurrences, such as
bauxite (the ore of aluminium), some iron ores or even some nickel-bearing laterites are formed by
the long-term leaching of a parent rock. As a result, virtually all of the parent is altered and
dissolved away
to leave a commonly soft, insoluble residue. Antarctica does not have the
weathering conditions (it is too cold) nor the dissolving power (water is almost absent) to create
this leaching, and glacial activity removes anything soft or that was formed in ages past.
READING
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TEST 18
READING
IELTS 5 Practice Tests, Academic Set 4
Page 62
Another related occurrence missing from Antarctica is ‘supergene enrichment’ to produce a
porous, iron-rich surface material known as gossans. These form over some ore bodies, (very often
even where no valuable ore exists at depth) and often cover a larger area than the ore body.
These aid geologists in locating where ore may be found. A feature of such supergene
enrichments is that, as the
parent rocks weather, through water and other action, the residual
gossans are enriched in gold and some forms of copper, including native copper. Such supergene
enrichments are absent from Antarctica because of unfavourable weathering conditions and their
removal by moving ice. Therefore, any mineral search in Antarctica would
need to find the parent
ore body directly, a very difficult proposition.
Some scientists have claimed that, due to extremely unusual oceanic circumstances around
Antarctica, some yet unknown mechanisms may be concentrating minerals. However, there is no
evidence of this so far. An argument often asserted to suggest that East Antarctica is mineral-rich
is based on the fact that if continents were placed in their original location in the ancient
supercontinent of Gondwana, parts would lie against the mineral rich ancient rocks of Western
Australia. However, along the south coast of Western Australia is the Albany-Fraser block, which
has almost totally defied concerted efforts to find mineral wealth. The
geological story of West
Antarctica is very different, but the mineral resource potential seems also to be very low.
The Antarctic Peninsula, the main exposed
part of West Antarctica, was formed by complex
processes nearly 200 million years ago as the seafloor was subducted under the Peninsula. This
process has also occurred in New Zealand and along the west coast of South America. The
process formed the rich copper ores of Chile, and hence the Peninsula has been theorised as a
potential copper province. Again, the facts do not support this hypothesis. Copper in Chile only
occurs north of the capital Santiago, not along the entire west coast of South America.
There are minerals, coal and almost certainly oil in Antarctica and under the surrounding seas. At
the moment, it is not economically viable to attempt to recover them. In the future, however, as
technology improves and especially if global warming leads to deglacierisation and reduced sea-
ice, thus exposing more areas and improving access, recovery of at least some of
these natural
resources will take place.
Glossary
To subduct – the geological verb that describes how one tectonic plate moves under another
tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle as the plates converge
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