IELTS 5 Practice Tests, Academic Set 4
TEST 18
READING
Page 65
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 - 26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
below.
The Slow Destruction of the Zachariae Isstrom Glacier
The Zachariae Isstrom glacier is the latest in a string of Greenland glaciers to undergo
rapid
change in the warming world. A new NASA study has found that Zachariae Isstrom has broken
loose from a glaciologically stable position and entered a phase of accelerated retreat. It is
expected that the consequences will be felt for decades to come.
The reason for these long-term effects is the size of the Zachariae Isstrom glacier. It drains ice
from an area of 91,780 square kilometres, which is about 5 per cent of the Greenland Ice Sheet. All
by itself, it holds enough water to raise global sea level by 46 centimetres if it were to melt
completely. The Zachariae Isstrom glacier is currently crumbling, losing 5 billion tons of mass
every year, which is disintegrating into the North Atlantic Ocean. Jeremy Close, one of the
researchers on the
NASA study, explains: “North Greenland glaciers are changing rapidly and
especially the form and dynamics of Zachariae Isstrom have been transformed over the last few
years. The melting glacier will now result in rising sea levels for decades to come.”
The cause of the change in the Zachariae Isstrom glacier is solely due to warmer water
temperatures. Greenland marine scientist Sophie Boldt explains the situation. “The
warmer waters
have caused the end of the glacier to float free from a ridge of bedrock below sea level on which
it had rested until just recently. Without that natural brake, the glacier is now sliding more quickly
and more icebergs are snapping off, adding a net five billion tonnes of ice a year to the oceans.”
The NASA team used data from aerial surveys conducted by NASA and satellite-based
observations acquired by multiple international space agencies coordinated by the Polar Space
Task Group. The
various tools used, including a highly sensitive radar sounder, gravimeter and
laser profiling systems, coupled with radar and optical photographs from satellites, monitored and
recorded changes in the shape, size and position of glacial ice over long time periods. This
provided precise data on the state of Earth’s polar regions. The scientists determined the bottom
of Zachariae Isstrom is being rapidly eroded by warmer ocean water mixed with growing amounts
of melt water from the ice sheet surface. “Ocean warming has played a sole role in triggering the
glacier’s retreat,” said section leader Joanna Morgan, “but we need more oceanographic
observations in this critical sector of Greenland to determine the glacier’s prognosis.”
Adjacent to Zachariae Isstrom is another large glacier that is also melting rapidly, but is receding
at a slower rate because it is protected by an inland hill. The two glaciers make up twelve per cent
of the Greenland ice sheet and would boost global sea levels by more than ninety-nine
centimetres if they fully collapsed. The sector where these two glaciers reside is one of three major
marine-based basins in Greenland, along with Jakobshavn Isbrae in central
west Greenland and
the Petermann-Humboldt sector in central north Greenland. Glaciologist, Tom Ellis, explains that
www.choiceroute.in
TEST 18
READING
IELTS 5 Practice Tests, Academic Set 4
Page 66
potential danger is imminent within the latter two areas. “The Jakobshavn Isbrae and the
Petermann-Humboldt basins hold enough water to raise global sea level by over half a metre
each, and both are also undergoing significant changes related to warming at present. Even a
small increase in sea levels can have devastating effects on shoreline habitats, and half a metre is
not a small increase.” As rising seawater reaches farther inland, it can cause destructive erosion,
flooding
of wetlands, contamination of aquifers and agricultural soils, and lost habitat for fish,
birds, and plants. In addition, hundreds of millions of people live in areas that will become
increasingly vulnerable to flooding. Higher sea levels would force them to abandon their homes
and relocate. Low-lying islands could be submerged completely. One of the NASA study’s authors,
Paulina Weiler, summarises the study’s conclusion. “It is likely that many of
these Greenland
glaciers will lose their ice shelves in coming years, further increasing Greenland’s future
contributions to global sea level rise. It is unlikely that world governments will take the necessary
decisions to stop the melting and it is actually moot whether any action taken now would create
the required changes in time.”
The actual process of polar glacier iceberg calving into the sea is similar in most situations of
glaciers that are situated next to the sea. First of all, the glacier must, of course, extend into the
sea. This part has usually
become rather thin, due to relatively warm circumpolar water that flows
in from the deep and causes melting to the underside of the glacier. This water is cooled and then
moves away from the sub-ice cavity in shallower water. The warm water continues to erode the
underside of the glacier, particularly at the grounding line, which is where the glacier comes into
contact with glaciomarine muds, on which it rests. The weight of the thinning glacier as it extends
into the sea causes crevasses to form on the top side and these will in turn snap off and calve the
icebergs of the future. Higher up in the glacier, ice thinning is present and these fractures will
eventually become the crevasses lower down.
www.choiceroute.in
IELTS 5 Practice Tests, Academic Set 4
TEST 18
READING
Page 67
Dostları ilə paylaş: