Extrusion Blown Films of Poly(Lactic Acid) Chain-Extended with
Food Grade Multifunctional Epoxies
Sonal S. Karkhanis, Laurent M. Matuana
School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
The effectiveness and ef
ficiency of two food grade multi-
functional epoxies with low and high epoxy equivalent weights
in chain extending/branching poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were stud-
ied in a torque rheometer. Processing PLA and chain extender
(CE) at 200
C for 300 s not only chain-extended PLA effectively
as indicated by a signi
ficant increase in the mixing torque as
well as PLA
’s melt viscosity and molecular weight, but also
branched it leading to its reduced crystallinity. Chain extension
occurred through the ring opening reaction of epoxy groups in
the CE with PLA
’s hydroxyl and/or carboxyl groups. CE with
lower epoxy equivalent weight was more ef
ficient due to its
higher reactivity. Secondly, the processabilities of PLA
films
chain-extended and branched with various amounts of the
most ef
ficient CE were assessed. Like in torque rheometer,
chain extension and branching also occurred during
film pro-
duction as indicated by PLA
’s increased molecular weight and
decreased crystallinity when blended with CE. However,
film
manufacture was feasible only for blends with up to 0.5% CE,
becoming unprocessable above this content due to chain
entanglement
leading
to
increased
viscosity.
Chain
extension/branching of PLA was bene
ficial in overcoming
film’s brittleness since its impact strength increased almost
linearly with the CE content.
POLYM. ENG. SCI., 00:000
–000, 2019.
© 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
INTRODUCTION
Over the past few years, environmental issues such as pollution,
depletion of natural resources, and solid waste disposal have become
major global concerns [1]. A speci
fic concern is the field of packag-
ing, which produces great amounts of non-degradable plastic waste
that is accumulated in land
fills and oceans, causing climate change
and harm to terrestrial as well as aquatic life [2]. In fact, 63% of the
current plastic waste comes from packaging applications of which
less than 14% is recyclable [2]. To circumvent this growing environ-
mental problem caused by non-degradable petroleum-based plastics,
research efforts have focused on the development of alternative
packaging materials that are compostable and biodegradable [1].
PLA is one of the most extensively researched compostable and
biodegradable aliphatic polyester because of its potential to replace
conventional petroleum-based polymers for medical and other indus-
trial applications [1]. It has several desirable properties such as high
stiffness, reasonable strength, excellent
flavor, and aroma barrier, as
well as good grease and oil resistance compared to conventional
petroleum-based polymers [3
–8]. However, its applicability in flexi-
ble packaging is limited due to several drawbacks such as brittleness,
poor water barrier properties, and processing dif
ficulties due to its
insuf
ficient melt strength and low thermal stability, leading to a nar-
row processing window [3, 9
–12]. The low melt strength of PLA is
attributed to the chain scission reactions that occur when it is sub-
jected to shear and high temperature in an extruder [13]. These reac-
tions lower its molecular weight and negatively impact molecular
weight-dependent properties such as shear and elongational viscosi-
ties, resulting in insuf
ficient melt strength [13]. PLA’s inadequate
melt strength poses challenges for its manufacture into
flexible film
through processes that require stretching or orientation, such as
blown and cast
film extrusion, as well as foaming [14].
Chain extenders (CE) or melt strength enhancers such as
multifunctional epoxies, 1,4-butane di-isocyanate, and hexamethylene
di-isocyanate among others are often blended with PLA matrix to
increase its melt strength [9
–11, 15–19]. These additives increase
PLA
’s molecular weight by introducing chain branching, thereby
increasing its shear and elongational viscosities. This leads to
improved melt strength, which facilitates the blown
film extrusion pro-
cess and other processes such as casting and foaming [9
–11, 15–19].
In our previous work, PLA
films were successfully manufactured
without any CE by controlling the melt rheology through processing
temperature and other extrusion-blown processing conditions such
as the processing speed ratios and internal air pressures [3]. How-
ever, these blown
films teared easily due to their brittleness and did
not survive several packaging performance tests such as oxygen per-
meation. Consequently, chain extenders are needed in the formula-
tions to increase PLA
’s ductility [18].
Although blending PLA with the aforementioned additives
increases the ductility of
films used in several packaging applications,
they also have various drawbacks. For example, multifunctional
epoxies have not been approved for food-grade applications by the
United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [3, 20]. On the
other hand, di-isocyanates are under scrutiny due to their toxicity, risk
of occupational hazards, and their impact on the inherent biodegrad-
ability of PLA [3, 21].
Recently, new FDA approved food-grade multifunctional epoxies
with varying reactivities have been developed. Unfortunately, limited
studies have been reported on their use to melt strengthen PLA and
reduce its brittleness. Accordingly, this study investigated the effec-
tiveness and ef
ficiency of these multifunctional additives in chain
extending and branching PLA, improving its processability through
the blown
film extrusion process and improving the ductility of
PLA
films.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
Poly(lactic) acid (PLA 4044D) with a melt
flow rate of
3.95 g/10 min (190
C, 2.16 kg) and density of 1.24 g/cm
3
,
Correspondence to: L.M. Matuana; e-mail: matuana@msu.edu
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