Functional Systems of the Cell In the remainder of this chapter, we discuss several representative functional systems of the cell
that make it a living organism.
Ingestion by the Cell — Endocytosis If a cell is to live and grow and reproduce, it must obtain nutrients and other substances from the
surrounding fluids. Most substances pass through the cell membrane bydiffusion and active transport. Diffusion involves simple movement through the membrane caused by the random motion of the
molecules of the substance; substances move either throug cell membrane pores or, in the case of lipid-
soluble substances, through the lipid matrix of the membrane.Active transport involves the actual
carrying of a substance through the membrane by a physical protein structure
that penetrates all the way through the membrane. These active transport mechanisms are so
important to cell function that they are presented in detail in Chapter 4. Very large particles enter the
cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principal forms of
endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Pinocytosis means ingestion of minute particles that
form vesicles of extracellular fluid and particulate constituents inside the cell cytoplasm. Phagocytosis
means ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, whole cells, or portions of degenerating tissue.
Pinocytosis.
Pinocytosis occurs continually in the cell membranes of most cells, but it is especially
rapid in some cells. What causes the cell membrane to go through the necessary contortions to form
pinocytotic vesicles is still unclear. This process requires energy from within the cell; this is supplied
by ATP, a high-energy substance discussed later in the chapter. Also, it requires the presence of
calcium ions in the extracellular fluid, which probably react with contractile protein filaments beneath
the coated pits to provide the force for pinching the vesicles away from the cell membrane.