LECTURE – 6. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS - I.
6.1. The processing of metals and alloys.
6.2. Stress & strain in metals.
6.3. The tensile test & engineering stress-strain diagram.
6.4. Hardness & hardness testing.
6.5. Plastic deformation of metal single crystals.
6.6. Plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals.
6.7. Solid-solution strengthening of metals.
6.8. Recovery & recrystallization of plastically deformed metals.
6.9. Superplasticity in metals.
6.10. Nanocrystalline metals
.
Keywords
:
alloying elements; silicon and manganese; mechanical properties; physical
properties; chemical properties; allotropic form change; ferrite; carbide; dislocation;
do not rust; refractory steels; fluidity; pearlitic steels;
Alloying elements are deliberately introduced into steel to affect its properties
and construction. Steels with these elements are called alloy steels. Steel contains
silicon
and manganese, but if the amount of silicon exceeds 0.4%, and manganese
exceeds 0.8%, such steels are also considered alloyed.
The amount of some alloying elements can be very small: the amount of Nb, Ti
does not exceed 0.1%; V xam does not exceed 0.005%.
Alloy steels appeared as a result of technical requirements . Alloying is used to
change mechanical properties (strength, plasticity, cohesion ) ,
physical properties
(electrical conductivity,
magnetic characteristics, radiation resistance), chemical
properties (anti- rust ) .
Alloy steels are more expensive than carbon steels . Therefore, it is advisable to
use them again by thermal processing .
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The main alloying elements include Cr; Ni; Mn; Si; W; Mo; V; Al; Ti; Cu; B; s
are included. Often not one, but one alloyed together with several elements: Cr and Ni;
Cr and Mn; Cr; Ni; With Mo and V's.
Effect of alloying elements on iron allotropic shape changes
.
All iron-soluble elements affect iron's allotropic form changes.
Some elements
(Mn; Ni; Pt; Co; Zn) lower the A 3 point and
increase
the A
4
point . Some elements (Si;
P; W; Mo; V; Al; Be; Sn; Sb; Ti; Cr) increase A 3
k
and decrease A
4.
Ferrite and
austenite are affected by the grain size . :
a) expands the Ni, Mn, Cu, Co
fraction and ensures stability of austenite from
melting temperature to room temperature. Such steels are called austenitic steels.
b) Cr, Si, V, W, Mo, Al, Ti
expand the -part and ensure ferrite stability. These
steels are called ferritic steels.
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