materials with high melting points
. Hard-melting metals
have a melting temperature above 1539
o
C (melting pure iron) and these include:
titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium,
molybdenum, rhenium, osmium, radium.
Metals of the platinum group are also
hard-melting metals, but depending on the accepted rule, they are included in the group
of rare metals.
Hafnium, radium, osmium, rhenium are added to rare elements. Tungsten,
molybdenum, tantalum, titanium, zirconium are the most widely used in practice .
Melting temperatures: W=3400
o
C; Re=3180
o
C; Ta=2996
o
C; Mo=2625
o
C;
Nb=2500
o
C; N b=2222
o
C; Cr=1910
o
C; V= 1900
o
C; Zr=2860
o
C; Ti=1725
o
C;
The compatibility ("optimal") of the mechanical, electrical, and physical
properties of hard-to-melt metals is the reason why they are widely used in engineering,
especially in aircraft and rocketry .
78
The mechanical properties of refractory metals depend on their purity from
"primes" (N
2
; O
2
; S), thermal and mechanical treatment.N
2
; C; O
2
; H
2
embrittles
tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, niobium. strength increases if the plastic is first
deformed and then released.
Hard - to -melt metals - the most desirable operational properties include their
operating temperature, thermoelectric current density ("plotnost"), relative electrical
resistance. That's why they are radio and widely used in electronic equipment.
W-Mo; W-Cu; W-Ags are highly resistant to electro erosion , therefore, they are
used in highly loaded contacts.
The melting temperature of W is quite high - 3410
o
C. It is used in the production
of hard alloys and alloying of steels.
Nb is used in atomic engineering, electrical engineering, radio electronics, tool
making and refractory steel production.
Ta - the resistance to the external environment is not inferior to rare metals.
Therefore, it is used to obtain alloys resistant to corrosion and corrosion.
Rhenium - high mechanical properties, high elastic deformation, corrosion
resistance. An alloy of rhenium with molybdenum and nickel has high precision even
at high temperatures.
Zirconium is the most widely used of KEMs. The reason: sufficient distribution
in nature, corrosion resistance, technology.
If it is cleaned and "naklep" - its mechanical properties will increase. KEM is
mainly processed by the method of powder metallurgy.
Titanium melts at 1725
o
C, boils at 3000
o
C
.
Relative weight
= 4.54 kg/cm
3
.
It has two allotropic forms: above 882
o C
-titanium, below
-titanium.
-titanium's
crystal lattice is hexagonal, its atoms are densely arranged.
-the crystal lattice of
titanium is a volume-centered cube.
Titanium was discovered in 1791.
It is in 4th place in terms of reserves in the earth's crust (after Al, Fe, Mg).
Titanium cuts, hammers and rolls well. Titanium can be rolled into tunics,
ribbons and even dice ("foil") - titanium paper.
79
Titanium has a high corrosion resistance , even higher than stainless steel.
Titanium does not corrode in the atmosphere , fresh water, sea water, organic acids,
some inorganic acids, abrasives . When titanium is heated in air at 400-600
o
C, its
surface is covered with a thin oxide film (film), which protects the part under it from
corrosion . And when it is heated, oxygen begins to dissolve. As a result, the plasticity
of titanium decreases. Titanium corrodes only under the influence of chloride, sulfuric
and hydrofluoric acids.
Based on the above properties, titanium is used in ship coating and chemical
engineering.
Titanium is slightly heavier than aluminum ( density - "plotnost": for Al
= 2.7
g/cm
3
; for Ti
= 4.51 g/cm
3
; for Fe
= 7.68 g/cm
3
). But the precision is 3 times
higher than aluminum precision. Therefore, titanium is widely used in aircraft .
Titanium also has its disadvantages: the normal modulus of elasticity is twice that of
steel. This makes it difficult to create unique and superior constructions. Not only at
high temperature, but also at normal temperature, the ductility property is wet oyo n.
As can be seen from the table below , with the increase in the amount of additives
in titanium, its hardness, strength and plasticity decrease.
VT1, VT2 technical titanium rods, tins, tapes, and pokovka are manufactured .
Technical titanium is rarely used as a structural material, because its mechanical
properties are not high.
Titanium alloys are classified as follows:
1. Depending on the processing technology: lumpy , deformable.
Depending on the mechanical properties: standard precision , heat resistance ,
high precision .
3. Depending on the relationship to thermal performance: polished and non-
polished.
4. Depending on the structure:
-;
+
, and
-alloys.
Titanium alloys of medium precision: VT5, OT4. Based on Al(3-5%),
Mn(1.5%).
80
High precision titanium alloys: VT14, VT15, VT16. Based on Al (2.5-4%), Mo
(3-7.5%)/
Fire-resistant titanium alloys: VT3-1, VT8, VT9. Based on Al (5.5-8%), Mo
(1.5-3.5%).
7 . Table 1 .
Chemical composition and mechanical properties of titanium grades
At high temperature - 300-600
o
C, the strength of titanium alloys is several times
higher than that of Al, Mg alloys. Therefore, it is widely used in aircraft construction.
For supersonic aircraft coatings , which heats up to 450-500
o
C at M = 3-3.5. Also for
strength elements: spar, rib, frame. Also used for non-magnetic aircraft fuel tanks.
From year to year, attention to the use of non-ferrous metal alloys in various
fields of production is increasing. These alloys have several advantages. The most
important of all advantages is their high relative strength compared to other alloys.
Aluminum alloys are divided into three groups according to their technological
properties:
a) deformable alloys that cannot be strengthened by thermal processing;
b) deformable alloys strengthened by thermal processing;
c) deformable alloys that can be strengthened by casting.
Apart from these alloys, sintered aluminum alloy (SAS) and aluminum powder
(SAP) alloys are widely used.
Titan
brand
the amount of additives in titanium, in %
Mechanical properties
Fe
Si
C
Cl
2
O
2
N
2
H
2
v,
kg / mm
2
,
%
,
%
A
n
kG
/
cm
2
NV
VT00
0.15
0.05
0.05 0.06
0.1 0.03
----
38
36
64
-
-
115
VT0
0.15
0.05
0.05 0.06
0.1 0.03
0.01
46
28
50
10
145
VT1
0.01
0.1
0.06 0.08
0.2 0.05
0.03
53
24
42
5
165
VT2
0.3
0.1
0.06 0.1
0.2 0.06
0.02 60
20
35
5
185
81
Aluminum alloys are marked as follows: the letters at the beginning of the mark
- "D" means duralumin, "A" - technical aluminum, "AK" - bondable, "V" - high
strength, "A" - cast aluminum alloy
. The number (number) after the letters indicates
the order number of the alloy (in silumins - silicon content, %). In some cases, in the
brand of the alloy, after the number, the symbol of the state of the alloy is used. For
example, "M" - soft (softened), T - heat-treated (hardened), N - heat-hardened (liquid-
deformed), P - semi-hardened.
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