Food science

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Arduino-based milk quality and quantity 
estimation is presented in this study. Customers 
will use their cell phones to access milk parameter 
data in this proposed framework. Using an Android 
smartphone application such as a serial Bluetooth 
terminal, data can be saved in their mobile memory 
as a Milk Log. The real-time clock module records 
real-time milk parameters such as pH, temperature, 
salinity, and other milk adulteration.
The amount and types of adulterants added to 
milk are detected by this method, which analyses 
the milk content. Electronic devices interfaced 
with different types of sensors are used to detect 
adulterants.
The pH level of milk, which is determined by 
a pH sensor, is primarily used to determine the 
consistency of milk.
The odor of milk is detected using a gas sensor. 
When milk is processed for a prolonged period, 
microbial activity occurs, altering the scent of the 
milk, which can be detected using a gas sensor.
Main Components of the System
The key components of this proposed Arduino Uno 
system are as follows:
The UNO version is included in this proposed 
scheme. A microcontroller is the Arduino Uno. It’s 
an open-source electronics platform board that’s a 
hybrid of hardware and software. It can be directly 
pre-programmed via USB.
It is based on the ATmega328P microcontroller. 
Digital I/P and O/P pins, Analog I/P pins, 16 MHz 
ceramic resonators, USB link, a power jack, and a 
reset button are all included. It’s simple to connect to 
other electronics modules and sensors. It has a 5 volt 
DC operating voltage. It is a low-cost microcontroller 
board that regulates the entire device and provides 
quicker and more reliable results.
Power Supply Module: The Arduino controller 
needs a 5-volt dc power supply, which is provided 
by this power supply module. A rectifier circuit with 
a step-down transformer is present.
pH Sensor: A pH sensor tests the concentration of 
hydrogen ions in water or liquid. The pH scale is a 
numerical scale that is used to assess the acidity or 
baseness of a substance.
pH = – Log[H
+
]
According to their parameters, each liquid has 
its pH. Pure milk has a pH range of 6.7 to 6.9. 
It depends on the breed of cattle, their lactation 
period, and their feed. The pH of milk can change 
over time or when it has been adulterated. A pH 
sensor was used to determine the pH of the milk.
Abnormal milk is classified as milk that falls outside 
of these pH ranges. The ingestion of this abnormal 
milk results in several health problems.