G‘apporov M. Ingliz tili grammatikasi

BA’ZI SO‘Z BIRIKMALARI VA IBORALAR BILAN
DOIMO NOANIQ ARTIKL ISHLATILADI
A lot of, a great deal of, a good 
deal of, a great number of, a good 
many, a great many ko‘p 
a few bir nechta, oz 
to be at a loss qiynalmoq
a little oz 
at a speed of tezlikda 
as a result of natijasida 
at a time when vaqtda, mahalda,
-da 
at a time bir vaqtda, bir martada 
on a large (small) scale katta 
(kichik) hajmda 
all of a sudden to‘satdan 
to go for a walk sayr qilmoq 
it is a pity afsus 
as a matter of fact haqiqatda 
to have a good time vaqtni yaxshi 
o‘tkazmoq 
for a short (long) time qisqa (uzoq) 
vaqt davomida
to have a mind — moqchi bo‘lmoq
in a loud (low) voice qattiq (past) 
tovushda 
to be in a hurry shoshilmoq 
to be in a position holatda bo‘l-
moq 
to have a look qaramoq
to have a cold shamollamoq 
to have a headache boshi og‘rimoq 
to take a seat o‘tirmoq
BA’ZI SO‘Z BIRIKMALARI VA IBORALAR BILAN FAQAT 
ANIQ ARTIKL ISHLATILADI
in the morning ertalab 
in the evening kechqurun 
in the afternoon tushdan keyin 
in the night tunda 
what is the time? Soat necha? 
the day before yesterday o‘tgan 
kun 
on the whole umuman 
the other day shu kunlarda, yaqin-
da
to go to the theatre (the cinema, 
pictures) teatrga (kinoga) bormoq
to play the piano, the violin pianino, 
skripka chalmoq

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142
the day after tomorrow ertadan 
keyin 
in the country qishloqda, dala-dasht-
da (shahardan tashqarida) 
on the one (other) hand bir (bosh-
qa) tomondan
to tell the time vaqtni aytmoq 
to tell the truth haqiqatni aytmoq
to pass the time vaqtni o‘tkazmoq
to run the risk tavakkal qilmoq, 
xavf-xatarga qo‘ymoq 
on the right (left) o‘ngda (chapda) 
QUYIDAGI SO‘Z BIRIKMALARI VA IBORALARI
ARTIKLSIZ ISHLATILADI
at night tunda 
by sea dengiz orqali
by day kunduzi 
by land quruqlik orqali
at home uyda 
by water suv orqali 
at work ishda
in debt qarzga
at sunset kun botar mahal 
by heart yoddan 
at fi rst sihgt birinchi qarashda 
(ko‘rishda)
by mistake adashib, xato qilib
at peace tinch(likda) 
by name nomi bilan
at war urush holatida
by order of –ning buyrug‘i bilan
by tram (by air, train, boat, bus) 
(poyezd, kema, avtobus) havodan 
(samolyotda) tramvay bilan 
at table stolda (tushlikda, nonush-
tada, kechki ovqatda, dasturxon da 
degan ma’noda) 
at dinner (breakfast, supper) tushlik-
da (nonushtada, kechki ov qatda)
by post (airmail) pochta (havo 
pochtasi) orqali 
on deck palubada
by chance tasodifan
to go to school maktabga (o‘qish ga) 
bormoq 
in demand talab katta bo‘lmoq,
on sale sotuvda
at school o‘qishda 
on demand talabi bilan 
to go to town (yaqin) shaharga bor-
moq 
in fact amalda
to be in town shaharda bo‘lmoq 
in sight ko‘rinishda
in conclusion natijada
on board ship kema bortida
to go to bed o‘ringa yotmoq 
day and night kechayu kunduz 
to be in bed to‘shakda bo‘lmoq 
in time vaqtida
day after day kundan kunga
from … to predloglari bilan kelgan iboralarda:
from morning to (till) night 
ertalabdan tungacha 
from head to foot boshdan oyo- 
g‘igacha 
from time to time vaqti-vaqti bi-
lan from day to day kundan kunga 
from shop to shop do‘kondan-
do‘konga

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143
SIFAT (THE ADJECTIVE)
Umumiy ma’lumotlar
1. Shaxs yoki buyumning belgisini bildirgan so‘zlar sifat deyiladi:
A young man = yosh kishi; a young woman= yosh ayol; young people = 
yosh kishilar.
2. Sifat faqat darajalar bo‘yicha o‘zgarishi mumkin: long — uzun, longer 
— uzunroq, longest — eng uzun.
3. Sifatlar oddiy va yasama bo‘ladi:
a) Oddiy sifatlar qo‘shimcha olmagan sifatlardir: big — katta, short —
kalta, black — qora, red — qizil.
b) Yasama sifatlarga old yoki orqa qo‘shimchasini yoki har ikkala sini 
olgan sifatlar kiradi: natural — tabiiy, incorrect — noto‘g‘ri, unnatu ral-
notabiiy.
Eng ko‘p tarqalgan qo‘shimchalar (suffi kslar):
— ful : useful = foydali, doubtful = shubhali;
— less : helpless = ojiz, useless = befoyda;
— ous : famous = mashhur, dangerous = xavfl i;
— al : formal = rasmiy, central = markaziy;
— able, -ible: eatable = yeb bo‘ladigan, accessible = hammabop, yen gil.
Eng ko‘p tarqalgan old qo‘shimchalar :
un- : unhappy = baxtsiz, unequal = teng emas, noteng;
in
- : incomplete = tugallanmagan, indifferent = farqsiz.
4. Ikkita so‘zdan yasalib bitta ma’noni bildiruvchi sifatlar qo‘shma 
sifatlar deyiladi: 
dark-blue = to‘q ko‘k, snow-white = qordek oq.
5. Sifat gapda aniqlovchi va ot-kesimning tarkibida keladi: 
The large box is on the table. 
(aniq lovchi)
Katta quti stol ustida.
The box is large. (ot kesimning 
tarkibiy qismi)
Quti — katta.
Sifat darajalari (Degrees of Comparison)
1. Sifatning uchta darajasi bor: Oddiy (the Positive Degree), qiyosiy 
(the Comparative Degree) va orttirma ( the Superlative Degree).
The Missisippi is a long river. (long 
— oddiy daraja.).
Missisippi uzun daryo.

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144
The Missisippi is longer than the 
Volga. ( longer — qiyosiy daraja).
Missisippi Volgadan uzunroq. 
The Missippi is the longest river 
in the world (longest — orttirma 
daraja).
Missisippi dunyodagi eng uzun 
daryo.
Qiyosiy daraja
Ikkita shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi.
Orttirma daraja
Uch yoki undan ortiq shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi va 
bittasining darajasi hammasidan ziyoda bo‘ladi.
2. Sodda sifatlarning (bir, ikki bo‘g‘inli sifatlarning) qiyosiy dara jasi -er 
qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan, orttirma darajasi -est qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish 
bilan yasaladi:
Oddiy daraja
Qiyosiy daraja
Orttirma daraja
sharp — o‘tkir 
cold — sovuq
deep — chuqur
busy — band
dirty — ifl os
clever — aqlli
narrow — tor
able — layoqatli(qodir)
noble — himmatli
polite — odobli
severe — shafqatsiz
sincere — sofdil, samimiy
simple — (oddiy) sodda
common — oddiy
sharper — o‘tkirroq
colder — sovuqroq
deeper — chuqurroq
busier — bandroq
dirtier — ifl osroq
cleverer — aqlliroq
narrower — torroq
abler — layoqatlioroq
nobler — himmatliroq
politer — odobliroq
severer — shafqatsizroq
sincerer — sofdilroq
simpler — soddaroq
commoner — oddiyroq
sharpest — eng o‘tkir
coldest — eng sovuq
deepest — eng chuqur
busiest — eng band
dirtiest — eng ifl os
cleverest — eng aqlli
narrowest — eng tor
ablest — eng layoqatli
noblest — eng himmatli
politest — eng odobli
severest — eng shafqatsiz
sincerest — eng sofdil
simplest — eng sodda
commonest — eng oddiy
3. 
Qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarni yasaganda quyidagi imlo qoidalariga 
rioya qilinadi:
a) agar sifat o‘qilmaydigan e harfi bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, -er va -est 
qo‘shimchalari qo‘shilganda sifat oxiridagi o‘qilmaydigan e harfi tu shib 
qoladi:
large katta 
larg-er 
larg-est 
brave jasur 
brav-er 
brav-est
ripe pishgan 
rip-er 
rip-est
b) agar sifat qisqa unlidan keyin bitta undosh bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, 
qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarning qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda oxirgi undosh 
ikkilantiriladi: 
big katta bigger
biggest
hot issiq
hotter
hottest
thin yupqa thinner thinnest
wet nam wetter
wettest

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145
c) agar sifat undoshdan keyin kelgan y harfi bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, qyo siy 
va orttirma darajalarning qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda oxirgi y har fi i harfi ga 
aylanadi:
busy 
band busier
busiest
easy 
oson easier easiest
dirty 
ifl os, kir
dirtier dirtiest
d) agar sifat oxiridagi y unlidan keyin kelgan bo‘lsa qo‘shimcha 
qo‘shilganda y saqlanib qoladi:
gay 
sho‘x gayer gayest
4. Ko‘pgina ikki bo‘g‘inli hamda uch va ko‘p bo‘g‘inli sifatlarning 
qiyosiy darajasi sifatning oldiga more, orttirma darajasi sifatning oldiga 
most so‘zlarini qo‘yish bilan yasaladi:
Oddiy daraja
Qiyosiy daraja
Orttirma daraja
active — faol
famous — mashhur
diffi cult — qiyin
comfortable — qulay
interesting — qiziq
 more active
 more famous
 more diffi cult
 more comfortable
 more interesting
 most active
 most famous
 most diffi cult
 most comfortable
 most interesting
5. Orttirma darajadagi sifat bilan kelgan ot aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi. 
Ba’zan ot tushib qolganda ham artikl saqlanib qoladi:
This is the shortest way to the sta-
tion.
Bu stansiyaga eng yaqin yo‘l.
This is the most interesting story in 
this book.
Bu ushbu kitobdagi eng qiziq 
hikoya.
The Moscow underground is the 
best in the world.
Moskva metrosi dunyodagi eng 
yaxshi metro.
6. Ba’zi sifatlarning darajalari qoidaga bo‘ysunmasdan o‘zakdan o‘z-
garadi:
Oddiy daraja
Qiyosiy daraja
Orttirma daraja
good — yaxshi
bad — yomon
little — oz
much, many — ko‘p
better — yaxshiroq
worse — yomonroq
less — ozroq
more — ko‘proq
best — eng yaxshi
worst — eng yomon
least — eng oz
most — eng ko‘p
7. Far sifatining qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarida ikkitadan shakl bor:
Oddiy daraja
Qiyosiy daraja
Orttirma daraja
far — uzoq
farther — uzoqroq
further — uzoqroq,
keyingi 
qo‘shimcha
farthest — eng uzoq
furthest — eng uzoq,
eng keyingi
10 — M. G‘apporov

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146
Masofaga nisbatan farther, further va farthest, furthest baravar ish-
latiladi.
I found him in the farthest (furt-
hest) corner of the park.
Men uni bog‘ning eng uzoq 
burchagidan topdim.