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http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2573-5616-2019-12-1
Abstract: This essay aims to investigate George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four while
applying Sedgwick's critical methodology as well as showing how the hellscape of Dante's
Inferno 28 gets reshaped in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Through Sedgwick's methodology,this
study shows Orwell's misrepresentation of the definition of political terms and their
usages. In doing so, this paper focuses on how Orwell defines human freedom in a totalitarian
society, and how the "Rhetorical Impaction" (96), in Sedgwick's phrase, of his self-
invented political terms, such as Double think, Thought Police, Thought crime,
Newspeak, Two minute hate etc., may affect readers. Most often, Orwell coaxes readers
in order to support his fictional world-in the name of amusement he makes the text
enticing with the display of words. The construction of some binaries in Nineteen Eighty-
Four limits readers' production of knowledge. Human freedom is presented in an incorrect
way-incorrect to the readers as he redefines the definition of "human freedom"-through
Orwellian view, and his political terminologies affect readers' vision about the dystopian
society. Dante's production of words and projection of hellish images are regarded as
"genrecide." As Karla Mallette remarks in "Muhammad in Hell" that "Dante's Hell is
nothing other than horrific" (207), Dante's hellish scenario is presented through horrifying
words. Similarly, Orwell builds a dystopian hell by producing intolerable passages, violent
adjectives, and sordid verbs. This essay dissects the theme of war, sin, and punishment to
relate them toNineteen Eighty-Four's theme of war, crime, and punishment through
binaries to show that both Dante and Orwell represent "genrecide" through their production
of words.
Keywords: Human Freedom, dystopian society, hellscape, genrecide.
DANTEAN AND SEDGWICKIAN EXAMINATION OF
GEORGE ORWELL'S NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR:
TRUTH WEAVED IN THE THREAD OF FALSEHOOD
Md. Ishrat Ibne Ismail
PhD Candidate, Comparative Literature
Department of Modern Languages and Literatures
Western University, Canada &
Associate Professor (on study leave), Department of English
Shahjalal University of Science & Technology. mismai29@uwo.ca
A F M Zakaria
Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology
Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
Manuscript info:
Received October 12, 2019., Accepted November 17, 2019., Published December 20, 2019.
Recommended citation: Md. Ishrat Ibne Ismail, A F M Zakaria. DANTEAN AND
SEDGWICKIAN EXAMINATION OF GEORGE ORWELL'S NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR:
TRUTH WEAVED IN THE THREAD OF FALSEHOOD. 11-12. American Journal of Research
P. 4-17 (2019).
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In recent days, across social
sciences, readers are w itnessed
overwhelmingly, the appreciations
an d applicat ion s of Orw ell's
approach especially spawned from
Nineteen Eighty-Four in explaining
the nature of growing surveillance
and the presence of 'Big Brothers'
in the wake of 'totalitarian' 'fascist'
governments globally. But this paper
is not motivated from that mode of
celebration rather it is directed from
the post-structural readershi ps to get
into the deep of Orwell's writings
and to reveal whether he was an
architect of 'misrepresentations' or
not, which shape the world nothing
but into binaries. As a matter of fact,
under the scrutiny of 'representation'
scholarshi ps, 'Orientalism' of Said
even iden tified as practices of
'rhetorical totalitarianism', which
was a vigorous weapon of Said against
his chosen enemies (like Clifford
Geertz) as he condemns (Marcus
and Fischer 1-2).
In Epistemology of the Closet,
Sedgwick extends the meaning of
existing words and phrases in new
direct ion s. She discusses an d
criticizes misrepresentation of the
defin it ion s
of
sex ualit ies:
homosexuality and heterosexuality.
She
show s
how
t he
misrepresentations of sexualities
affect our perspect ives about
homosexuality and heterosexuality.
She argues on how the standard
binary oppositions limit freedom and
understanding, especially in the
con t ex t of sex ualit y . I n her
"Introduction" to Epistemology of
the Closet, Sedgwick argues that
the now chronic modern crisis of
homo/heterosexual definition has
affected o ur culture thro ugh its
ineffaceable marking particularly of
the categories secrecy/disclosure,
knowledge/ignorance, private/public,
m asculine/fem inine, m ajo rity/
m ino rity, inno cence/initiatio n,
natural/artificial, new/old, discipline/
terro rism, canonic/noncano nic,
who leness/decadence, urbane/
provincial, domestic/foreign, health/
illness, same/different, active/passive,
in/out, cognition/paranoia, art/kitsch,
uto pia/apo calypse,
sincerity/
sentimentality, and vo luntarity/
addiction. (11)
Sedgwick's wide-ranging list of
binary classifications asks for an
understanding of sexuality in relation
to the different cultural discourses
existed/existing/will exist in a society:
I think that a whole cluster of the
most crucial sites for the contestation
of meaning in twentieth century
Western culture are consequentially
and quite indelibly marked with the
historical specificity of homosocial/
homosexual definition, notably but not
exclusively male, from around the turn
of the century. Among those sites are,
as i have indicated, the parings
secrecy/disclosure and private/public
along with and sometimes through
these epistem olo gically charged
parings, condensed in the figures of
the 'closet' and 'coming out', this very
specific crisis of definition has then
ineffaceably marked other pairings as
basic to modern cultural organisation
as masculine/feminine, majority/
m ino rity, inno cence/initiatio n,
natural/artificial...So permeative has
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the suffusing stain o f ho m o /
heterosexual crisis been that to discuss
any of these entices in any context, in
the absence of an antihomophobic
analysis, must perhaps be to perpetuate
unknowingly compulsions implicit in
each. (72-73)
Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
also presen t s similar t y pes of
dichotomy. According to Eric
Fromm, George Orwell's 1984 "is
the expression of a mood... of near
despair about the future of man, and
it is a warning... that unless the course
of history changes, men all over the
world will lose their qualities, will
become soulless automatons, and
will not even be aware of it" (257).
Fromm further notes that "[t]he
mood of hopelessness about the
future of man is inmarked contrast
to one of the most fundamental
features of Western thought; the
faith in human progress and in man's
capacity to create a world of justice
and peace" (257).
Lik e Sedgw ick , Orw ell also
changes individual understanding
about dy st opian societ y . The
imbalanced binaries discussed in the
text restructure readers' thoughts and
ideas in an incorrect way, what
Sedgwick exactly argues in her
Epistemology of the Closet that the
actions of the writers' through words
and phrases about common known
terms bring negative reactions from
readers. Sedgwick's methodology
helps to see that the conventional
surface of knowledge goes through
chan ges because of w rit ers'
mistreatment of sexualities in their
texts. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the
conventional surface of knowledge
about dystopian society also goes
through changes because of writer's
misrepresentation of a dystopian
society and his recalling of Dante's
hellish scenarios.
Sedgwickargues that academic
explorations of gay and lesbian in
many literary texts are done in an
inappropriate way because of writers'
use of language. Her theory provides
a shape to the treatment of sexualities
of the past and possibilities for the
future. Her theory establishes that
t he homosex ual-het erosex ual
definition al divide is a central
controlling factor in all modern
Western identities. In arguing such,
she opens a space for those non-gays
who have sufficient knowledge and
awareness of their own privilege and
homophobia to investigate gay and
lesbian issues or, in Sedgwickian
t erms,
t o
en gage
in
"antihomophobic" (1) projects. Her
t heory break s old groun d of
knowledge about sexualities, and
gives a new light to shed light on old
perspectives. She shows how literary
constructions of sexualities affect
people because of reversed binaries.
She does not suggest discarding
sexual categories and all minority
political strategies for lesbians and
gays, but demands that readers
should n ot look for w hat
relationshi p gay and lesbians create
than what essentially their identities
mean. She asserts a relationshi p
between the homo-hetero definition
an d ot her un iversal modern
definitions: private and public,
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secrecy and disclosure, knowledge
and ignorance, and suggests that
ign oran ce set s t he t erms for
knowledge just like homosexuality
sets the terms to its opposite. Her
methodology clarifies surrounding
the homo-hetero sexual definitional
crisis caused by languages of literary
texts, which leave a great impact on
readers.
In Nineteen Eighty-Four"[t]he
core philosophical divisions... are not
merely the conflicts between a
t ot alit arian societ y an d t w o
rebellious individuals but between a
set of dualisms" (Stephens83). In
every "dichotomy, separation and
instrumental mani pulation are set
against engagement and authentic
feeling, the mechanical and preset
is contrasted with the spontaneously
expressive, and the latter part is
associated with the force of nature"
(83). However, Orwell puts half-shut
curtain in the eyes of readers through
his language for which readerscan
only see and visualise what Orwell
wants his readers to see through his
own imaginary/fictive perspectives.
About this connection, Orwell and
Ren? mention in "George Orwell: A
Timeless Voice" that "[w]hen one
reads any strongly individual piece
of writing, one has the impression
of seeing a face somewhere behind
the page ... What one sees is the face
that the writer ought to have" (184).
This relationshi p between a writer
and his/her w ritin g is furt her
emphasized by Mario Esposito Frank
in her "D ant e's Muhammad:
Parallels betw een Islam an d
Arianism," where she argues that
[t]he placement of Muhammad in
the eighth circle of Hell and the
contrapasso assigned to him did not
simply result from views of Islam and
its Prophet that were widespread in
Dante's times. Rather, they express
Dante's particular understanding of
Muhammad and reflect Dante's own
experiences and predilections. (185)
So, Orwell's language may change
belief into disbelief, and disbelief
into belief through establishment of
st at emen t s
again st
readers'
perception and make them convince
with persuading language issues:
utopia, dy st opia, Big Brother,
Thought crime, Thought police,
D oublet hin k , an d New speak .
Readers get puzzled between his art
of
speech,
composit ion al
t echn iques, an d t rut h as his
misrepresentation of dystopian issues
is
oft en
regarded
as
t he
recon st ruct or
of
readers'
conventional surface of knowledge
about dystopian society. Language
plays a role to rule readers according
t o t he rules of Orw ell. H is
assumptions about dystopian state
turn into fact, which arise sense of
fear and pain in readers'mind. Orwell
persuades his readers to believe in
his fictive dystopian society because
his powerful persuasive language
imprisons readers' thoughts within
his word-cage, and that is why,
readers only see what he allows to
see. In Nin eteen Eighty -Four,
Orwell could have drawn imaginary
utopian society instead of depicting
t errified un real scen arios of a
dystopian society.
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While commenting on Nineteen
Eighty-Four,Jonathan Bowden in
his " George Orwell's Nin eteen
Eight y-Four"referring to Sy me
writes:
We will so restrict language to the
possibility that the signifier can never
go beyond that which is signified, there
can only be concrete concepts even
for ideology, so that the mind works
in a totally binary way, and you've
filtered out the prospect of chaos and
thought criminality before you've even
uttered a word.
However, Orwell puts garland of
words on readers' heads to represent
fictive dystopian society, which
clearly creates fear and anxiety in
readers' minds. His misrepresentation
of dystopia and utopia is caused by
his complex lan guage; t he
incautiously chosen words hijack
readers' belief about seeking human
freedom in a dystopian state. He does
not show any rebellious action of
any revolution demanding freedom
of thought and speech. There is a slogan
of the English Socialist Party
(INGSOC) of Oceania in the text:
"Freedom is slavery" (Orwell 9). This
slogan has a binary and could be
interpreted as the slavery of Party
members is equivalent to freedom for
Party leaders. Every movement is
recorded in Oceania to rule over people
even they cannot sound low whisper
because agent of "Thought Police"
watch-out everybody all the time:
Thought Police plugged in on any
individual wire was guesswork. It was
even conceivable that they watched
everybody all the time. But at any rate
they could plug in your wire whenever
they wanted to. You had to live - did
live, from habit that became instinct
- in the assumption that every sound
you made was overheard, and, except
in darkness, ev ery m o v em ent
scrutinized. (7-8)
Everybody is confined under
surveillance system, and it is an on-
going process in a dystopian society
that was practiced in the past, is
practiced in the present, and will
be practiced in the future because
"[w]ho controls the past controls the
future: who controls the present
controls the past" (213). People are
habituated to be examined by agents
of t he " Thought Police" an d
telescreens. Even what is ey e-
throbbing to them, they consider it
as a medium of entertainment. The
narrator explains: "Some Eurasian
prisoners, guilty of war crimes, were
to be han ged in the Park t hat
evening, Winston remembered. This
happened about once a month, and
was a popular spectacle. Children
always clamoured to be taken to see
it" (25 , emphasis added). This
"popular spectacle" is harsh to hear
because hanging of prisoners is not
spectacular rather vexatious to see,
but in Oceania (one of the superstates
of Orwell's fictive geographies)
children are enforced to the belief
that hanging is a sort of entertainment.
It is almost impossible, now, to
imagine that a child gets delighted
to see hanging. The children of Mrs.
Parsons is not only asking but also
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demandin g t o see t he horrific
event:"'Why can't we go and see the
hanging?' roared the boy in his huge
voice," which is also reflected in a
little girl's voice: "'Want to see the
hanging! Want to see the hanging!'
chanted the little girl,still capering
round" (24-25). The children of Tom
Persons, who is the neighbour of
Winston, roar to see hanging of
some Eurasian (another Orwellian
fictive superstate) prisoners, guilty
of war crimes. Children are no
lon ger in n ocen t an d t heir
innocence turns out into corrupt
behaviour. They love to adore the
rulin g Part y , t heir son gs, t he
slogan s, t he procession s, t he
banners, the hiking, the drilling with
dummy rifles, and the worshi p of
Big Brother. Orwell's fictive dystopian
societ y is full of t error an d
unbelievable images. This image of
han ging, the in volvemen t, and
enjoyment related to hanging is
unreal and a mental torment for
readers.
Orwell's fictive dystopian state is
full of lies, and these lies worked as
engines of plot. Deceiving is a useful
device for driving his fictive story,
creating layers of awareness that rub
against each other repeatedly in his
production of binaries. Orwell invites
readers to an imaginary world,
where they are forced to believe
sugar-coated lies: "We're destroying
words - scores of them, hundreds
of them, every day.We're cutting the
language down to the bone. The
Eleventh Edition won't contain a
sin gle w ord t hat w ill become
obsolete before the year 2050" (48).
What Orwell projects here does not
match with the real life. Readers are
forced to believe Orwellian version
of truth, but this so-called truth
version is also camouflaged with
breath-taking lies, as for example,
sex is prohibited for Oceanian
comrades of all Ministries, but Julia,
the central figure, herself involves
in " hundreds of times" sexual
relationshi p with rulin g Party
members although she works in an
Anti-sexual League (111). Readers
know that children are scared of
unbearable hanging, and they are
not allowed t o see han ging of
prisoners in real life. But the image
of children's enjoyment and demand
to see hanging is a perfect lie weaved
in thread of falsehood in Nineteen
Eighty-Four. This is what Sedgwick
ex act ly quot es Proust at t he
beginning of Epistemology of the
Closet to tell that even a renowned
novelist cannot be spared from being
asked by critics for their lies, which
can be metaphors, stories, myth,
and/or imagination. Sedgwick quotes
Proust: "The lie, the perfect lie,
about people we know, about the
relations we have had with them,
about our motive for some actions
. . .-that lie is one of the few things in
the world that can open windows
for us on t o what is n ew and
unknown" (67). Lie about known
information can open windows for
readers to believe unknown. Orwell
uses lies in Nineteen Eighty-Four
t hrough met aphors, st ories,
imagination and myth to establish
his fictive dystopian society. A bunch
of lies that are used by Orwell to
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beautify his fictive dystopian world
is the doorway for readers to know
unknown, unseen and new things.
H is imagin at ion about t he
totalitarian government is a lie as it
has no existence in real life.
The existence of the totalitarian
society is fictionally true because
some fictional truths seem to be told
by the narrator, but others are left
implicit. Orwell's series of lies bring
series of horror in readers' minds
because the portrayal of destructive,
dangerous, dead dystopian state
deconstructs our imaginations and
interpretations of utopian state. The
binarism of dystopian/utopian itself
is caught up in readers' knowledge.
Even Orwell's protagonist Winston
cannot imagine a utopian country
because Orwell's novel tells that it is
a "Thought Crime" to think of outside
t he dy st opian prin ci ples. The
narrator says, "The sweetness of the
air and the greenness of the leaves
daunted him" (Orwell 117). Winston
is afraid of thinking of a utopian
country with full of natural beauty
as ability to think is weakened. There
are two reasons behind Winston's
feeling of being afraid: his unwanted
obsession of following orders of his
government and his imposed role of
living in a destroyed country. By
understanding definition of utopia
and dystopia readers pass through
unexpected, unreal practices of "Big
Brother," and suffer equally as
Winston suffers. Winston's painful
psychological problems leave a great
mark on reader'spsychology. About
this connection, James A. Tyner in
his article "Self and space, resistance
and disci pline: a Foucauldian reading
of George Orwell's 1984" quotes
Douglass:
1984 has come to be a kind of
cultural Rorschach. It has passed into
our culture as a symbol and taken on
a life of its own. All sorts of themes,
many of them far removed from
Orwell's original concerns have been
associated with it. It is a measure of
the influence of the book that is
possible. (131-32)
Terminologies and totalitarian
rules have been assimilated into
readers' lives. Orw ell's fict ive
dystopian society is still gri pping and
relevant to a reader's life. Orwell uses
his words as bullets, which inject
right inside the brain of a reader's
mind, and for this reader cannot
get it over easily. S/he recalls the
un bearable an d overpow erin g
Orwellian snapshots of dystopian
state, and thinks of dystopian society
and its slogans. Readers are forced
to belief, what are opposed in ideas.
Orwell gives readers the access to
his dystopian society, and makes
them witness dystopian chaotic life
through his perspectives only.
The three slogans of the leading
Party: "War is Peace. Freedom is
slavery. Ignorance is strength" (9)
stand against general beliefs of
readers, which regenerate negative
vibes, confusions, clash of beliefs
at understanding and awareness
levels of readers at a super degree in
the name of gathering knowledge.
Created connection of opposed ideas
of war and peace, which disturbs
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readers' minds because an element
of reception or commitment that is
rather hard to put on exact terms, i.
e. whenever reader utters a sentence
such as " War is Peace," s/he
expresses a commitment to the idea
of war and peace. Orwell compares
war with peace and misrepresents
the negative aftermath of war in the
text. Readers are puppets, and they
are glued to the baseless Orwellian
truth because of constructed beliefs.
The engagement of readers with so-
called beliefs, and Orwellian slogans
w ill ex ist forever. I n " The
Architecture of Repression: The
Built En vironmen t of George
Orwell's 1984" Gerald S. Bernstein
argues that
even at the moment of the Party's
triumph over the individual we are
aware of a fatal flaw in the State's
attempt to destroy the past. For
Winston had already realized that only
in 'a solid object with no words
attached' could history survive. For
there exists in architecture a linkage
to the past. To Winston the ... 'pale-
colored pleasure of identifying St.
Martin's church' ... mean that history
was not stopped and although the
church had been recycled for the use
of the repressive state the continuity
of architecture style as a document of
history continued exist. (28)
Orwellian totalitarian society has
become a part of history and an
integral part of reader's life. In
Nineteen Eighty-Four, the people
of Oceania witness endless war
bet w een fict ive geographies:
Ocean ia, Eurosia, East asia;
similarly, in Dante's Inferno readers
revisit dozens of wars: Trojan wars
again st the Samn ties (34 3-2 90
B.C.), the Punic Wars (264-146
B.C.) et c.
Plan t at ion an d
replantation of seeds of lies in the
field of knowledge has unexpected
con sequen ces, w hich remain s
untreated. The slogans are written of
unrelated terms that are opposite in
meaning, these are not strictly
defin ed. Orw ell's dark , an d
dangerous dystopian images give
rebirth of Dante's deadly scenarios
of hell ofInferno.Orwell's world "is
the world of violence and brutality
which we all guessed must lie behind
the fañade of the society Orwell has
portrayed for us, yet it still horrifies
by its impact" (Deutscher 126). The
horrifying descri ption of dystopian
society creates the emergence of fear
and anxiety because visualization is
created through his intolerable
passages in readers' minds.
The Inferno 28 opens with Dante
wondering how to describe the
sinners in the ninth chasm of hell.
He aims to point out the sinners'
political wrongs and states a case
where punishment fits the crime. He
warns that the punishment in this
part of hell is bloody and deformed;
indeed, the sinners in the ninth
chasm are damned to walk around
the chasm until they arrive at a devil
that slashes them with a long sword,
according to the nature of their sin.
Each sinner is punished according
to degree of his/her sin. Punishment
is geared toward their particular sin.
Curio's t on gue is cut out -for
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example-because his sin was "bold
to speak" (Line 101, Dante 437) and
Bertrand de Born has his head cut
off because he caused a " bad
encouragements" (Line 135, Dante
439). "The last lines of the canto [28]
capt ure the logic of Bert ran 's
peculiar pun ishmen t , w hose
importance for the entire cantica is
underlined by the appearance of the
key term 'contrapasso' for the first
an d on ly time to describe t he
treatment of the damned in Hell"
(553, emphasis in original). Dante's
use of the binary through Bertran's
underlines how two facts could be
un derst ood in t he shadow of
"contrapsso." To this end, Andrea
Moudarres in his "Beheading the
Son: Muhammad and Bertran de
Born in Inferno 28" rightly notes:
By using the phrases "cos? giunte
persone" and "in s? ribelli," Dante
reinforces the idea of unity between
father and son, suggesting the reflexive
quality of the hostility between Henry
II and the Young King. It is also worth
noting that when Bertran de Born
describes his o wn decapitation,
indicating that the "principio" of his
"cerebro" is in the trunk, he seems to
invert the traditional order of power
relations exemplified by the political
body and grounded in the notion of
the king as head of state. If, as would
appear lo gical, the "principio "
coincides with the father, the 'cerebro'
presumably corresponds to the son. By
means of this inversion, Dante might
be either following an alternative
physiological metaphor of sovereignty,
or... implying that Bertran's reversal
of the legitimate political hierarchy
between king and prince is in fact part
of the reason why he is damned and
hurled into the depths of the ninth
bolgia. (554, emphasis in original)
Likewise, in Nineteen Eighty-
Four Winst on is pun ished for
" Thought Crime" an d mak in g
physical relation with Julia, which
are forbidden according to the
princi ples of the government: Big
Brother. The authorial Big Brother
claims: "We have cut the links
between child and parent, and
between man and man, and between
man and woman. No one dares trust
a wife or a child or a friend any longer"
(230). The government brainwashes
people to believe that heterosexual
feeling is forbidden and unpleasurable.
Julia and Winston are allowed only
to treat each other as "comrades"
(13) according to the rules of the
Big Brother. Dante is more brutal and
grotesque in his language when
describing the punishment episodes:
See how Mohammed is tom open!
Ahead of me
Ali goes weeping, his face cloven
from chin to
forelock...
Another, whose throat was bored
through, his
nose cut up to his eyebrows, and
with only one ear,
stopping to gaze up at me in
amazement with the
others, first of the others opened
his windpipe, which
was all covered with crimson.
(Lines: 31-33 and 64-68, Dante 435)
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Here Dante creates a doubly
in tense impression of violen ce
through his words and he wonders
to find the way of describing sinners'
punishment episodes.
Nineteen Eighty-Four flashbacks
Dante's hellish conditions, reference
of war, and waves of disastrous
punishment of sinners in the ninth
chasm of fictive hell just like when
Winston suffers in Orwell's fictive
hell - t he forced-labour camp.
Win st on get s arrest ed aft er
committing the "Thought Crime"
with his beloved Julia because they
both consider sex as a silent weapon
to voice against the Big Brother. They
get arrested by the agent of "Thought
Police." Thought Police keeps
Winston in Room-101 as it is one
of the levels of hell, which is an
Orwellian hell. Dante's ninth chasm
and Orwell's forced-labour camps
are similar because of their selective
torture for their selective sin. For
instance, in Nineteen Eighty-Four
sins such as 'bribery,' 'favouritism,'
'rack et eering,' 'homosexualit y,'
'prostitution,' 'drug- peddlers,'
't hieves,'
'ban dit s,'
'black -
marketeers,' 'drunks,' get punished
in different cell of forced-labour
camp. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the
depiction of "the forced-labour
camps" (5 6 ), an d episodes of
Winston's punishment develop cruel
methods of punishment through
chain of Orwellian words. The
product ion of w ords an d it s
meanings affect readers' in reality as
Friedrich Nietzsche claims that"the
liar uses the 'valid designations, the
words, to make something which is
unreal appear real,' for example,
to make himself appear rich when
he is actually poor" (Clark 68). The
aim of w rit er t o mak e un real
statements wear an unbreakable
shield of real layers could be a kind
of disobeying the princi ples of setting
truth in writing.
The imaginative Orwellian and
Dantean hells create internal terror
within readers-a permanent internal
terror. Writers use negative dictions
to establish their intended princi ples
to readers. These dictions portray two
dissimilar meanings in one thread:
one resides inside readers' minds
while the other runs outside readers'
minds. Orwell's terminologies-
Thought Police, Thought Crime,
Doublethink, and Newspeak-get
immortality through the force of
readers' beliefs. In the name of
warning readers about upcoming
dystopian society, Orwell slaughters
t housan ds of people w hich is
telecasted on telescreens through his
spik ed w ords; he finger-pain ts
dystopian city with war scenarios
which are similar to Dante's Trojan
War. He shows the punishment of
Winston the way Dante's words are
flown like streams of blood. In The
Guardian, Brigid Delaney reports,
"There's torture scene in... 1984 that
is predict ably disgust in g an d
shocking. Winston - before he even
gets to room One-Oh-One- has his
fingernails sliced off, his t eeth
extracted. He spews blood and later
sli ps in the blood. The audience isn't
spared" ("Orwell's Nightmare Vision
of 1984"). Orwellian punishment
scen ario
con n ect s
reader's
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concentration to psychology. In the
hellish scenario and episodes of
punishment in Room 101, Winston
becomes purified with electric-shock
and a lot of rats what Winston is
afraid of. In Nineteen Eighty-Four,
readers get reflections of wars and
punishment as they get in Dante's
Inferno 28.
Nineteen Eighty-Fourrepresents
genocide through "genrecide" as
Dante prototypically did in Inferno
28. Orwell describes hanging of
prisoners of war crime, which is
t elecast ed
on
t elescreen s
continuously in Oceania. Although
the image of deliberate killing of a
large group of people is happened
in Orwell's fictive novel, it revives
the image of Dante's genocide of
Inferno 28. The narrator in Nineteen
Eighty-Four says, "Oceania was at
war with Eastasia: Oceania had
always been at war with Eastasia...
Reports and records of all kinds,
newspapers, books, pamphlet s,
films, sound-tracks, photographs -
all had to be rectified at lightning
speed" (161). His fictive geographical
three superstates are always involved
at war with one or the other and
the statement of wars clarifies the
gallons of blood streaming within
superstates' streets. Winston's friend
Syme says, "'It was a good hanging,'
said Syme reminiscently. 'I think it
spoils it when they tie their feet
together. I like to see them kicking.
And above all, at the end, tongue
sticking right out, and blue- a quite
bright blue. That's the detail that
appeals to me'" (47). These lines break
reader'snervous system because the
det ails of dead men 's brut al
condition are portrayed brutally. The
descri ption of dead bodies' sufferings
is considered as appealing to Syme
because t hey are used t o see
murderous
scen arios.
The
unforgettable Dante's innumerable
beheaded sinners are similar to
Orwell's hanged war prisoners. Dante
narrates in his Inferno 28:
I surely saw, and it seems I still
see, a torso
without a head walking like the
others of the sorry
flock;
and his severed head he was
holding up by the
hair, dangling it from his hand like
a lantern; and the
head was gazing at us, saying: "Oh
me!" (Lines: 118-23, Dante 439)
These lines clarify that Dante's
beheaded sinner's carry his head as
if it was a lantern, which could be
similar to Orwell's thousands hanged
war criminals and prisoners who are
hanging like wind chimes. Dante's
sinner carries his head like a baby
and Orwell's dead bodies carries
their blue tongues. Hanging occurs
once a month as if it is a popular
ritual to Oceaninan people. Orwell
kills thousands of people with his
ink through words. He offers readers
to visualize chinless prisoners like
Dante's headless sinners. In Nineteen
Eighty-Four the narrator further
states that "[a]mid a stream of blood
and saliva, the two halves of a dental
plate fell out of his mouth. The
prisoners sat very still, their hands
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crossed on their knees. The chinless man climbed back into his peace.
Down one side of his face the flesh was darkening" (203).
Prisoners described brutally to show their sufferings and their worst
physical conditions are so vivid that one can imagine and feel their sufferings.
Both Dante's Inferno 28 and Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four bring theme
of genocide as prime and prominently in their texts ideally; one gives
details of severed heads to make readers recall beheaded saint of Christian
religion, and another gives details of hanged bodies to make readers recall
holocaust of The Spanish Civil War. In "'And I Bear Your Beautiful Face
Painted on My Chest'. The Longevity of the Heart as the Primal Organ in
the Renaissance", Catrien Santing claims that "[t]he cephalophores or
head-bearing saints figuring prominently in this volume tend to hold their
own decapitated heads breast-high, sometimes even cradling them like a
baby or resting them against the flesh of their thorax, where their love of
Christ found expression" (279). A close reading of Nineteen Eighty-Four
deconstructs the binarism: dark/light, hope/despair. In part 3, chapter 1,
passage 29, Orwell provides a detailed descri ption of Winston's (sinner/
criminal) critical condition in Room 101. In the novel, the Room 101 is
used as one of the major symbols exposing criminal's ultimate punishment
for ultimate crime. The introduction of the Room 101 is brought climax to
the novel. The number of the room could arise a question of why does
Orwell choose the particular number 101. The number sounds like a
Literature course code, which makes the readers learn fundamental
information of fear and torture. In the passage, Orwell invites reads to
read a lot of violent adjectives: head sunken, crushed hand, sticky, evil-
tasting, chinless, skull-faced, faintness-these are used so vividly within a
sentence that one can visualize the worst nightmare of Winston inside the
Room 101. Orwell clearly uses these violent adjectives as his rhetorical
power to develop the pain of the main character. In the third line of this
passage, the author mentions time clauses incoherently: "If it had been
midnight when the skull-faced man was taken away, it was morning: if
morning, it was afternoon" (Orwell 205). Unspecified time clauses are
stated here in an awkward way.
Orwell uses another symbol in the text that is the telescreen which
symbolizes the invisible traitor's (the Big Brother) constant surveillance
and investigation over all the citizens of the totalitarian state. It represents
the symbolic face of the party, as well as the symbol could be used to
comprehend totalitarian governments and their dangers. Telescreen is not
only used as symbol for government surveillance, but also used to show
the mani pulation of technology by government. Different citizens consider
the telescreen in many different ways, and Winston always gets bored of
streaming political newsflash through military voice on the telescreen. A
line at the middle of a passage is that "sometimes with a fading hope he
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thought of O'Brien and the razor
blade" (205). This line is constructed
to engage readers so they become
puz z led about t he con nect ion
between O' Brien and razor blade.
There is a significance of razor blade
in the novel. There are shortages of
razor blades at the beginning of the
novel and Winston also hopes for
one. Winston also hopes for O'Brien's
help in escaping from forced-labour
camp because O'Brien (Agent of the
Thought Police) treats him as friend,
but when Winston entered into the
Room, he finds a betrayal figure in
O'Brien and Winston's hope turns
into despair. The use of razor blade
could be seen as the application of
total control over an individual's life
in a war stricken dystopian society.
The author's voice is unable to
contain the paradoxical flow of
meanings of O'Brien and razor blade
in one sentence.
Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
misrepresents definition of human
freedom as well as definitional
division in binaries: dystopia/utopia,
war/peace, and crime/punishment.
Orwell's text unveils a dystopian
society, which is full of terror and
fear. Through the application of
Sedgw ick 's met hodology an d
intertextuality with Dante's Inferno
28, this essay attempts to reveal a
new interpretation of Nineteen
Eighty-Four. Orwell's production of
imbalanced binaries: dystopia/
ut opia,
w ar/peace,
crime/
punishment etc. and the projection
of Dantean hellish episodes through
Orwell's Room 101 create terror and
tension in reader's mind which in
fact, affect the traditional surface of
knowledge. Orwellian new political
terminologies get inserted into
reader's everyday vocabulary. These
t ermin ologies are overst at ed
superficially through his constructed
dyst opian vivid images, w hich
disturbs one's power of visualization
of utopian images. Reader's own
perspective about a dystopian and
utopian society take a new turn
through his usage of language and
fictive war scenarios, especially the
"han gin g" an d the pun ishment
episodes in Room 101.
Orwell's misrepresentation of his
self-invented political terms and his
portrayal of dystopian society change
an individual's perception about
dystopian destructive environment.
H is descri pt ion of polit ically
degraded Oceania creates a sense of
fear and sufferings within reader's
mind. This study shows how Orwell
makes readers roam within his
shown and directed paths to witness
a dystopian society through his
perspectives only. Orwell makes
readers roam in his fictive hell Room
101 like Dante makes them visit his
Inferno 28. The descri ption of these
two sibling hell leave a great impact
in readers' knowledge because of
t heir gen recide. The haun t ed
languages keep on making sound
in their heads. Orwell's absorbing and
deeply affecting story leaves its stain
in mind-for instance, "Big Brother"
becomes an integral part of life
nowadays. Nineteen Eighty-Four's
horrified vocabularies " Double
think," "Thought Police," "Thought
crime," become a part of global
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political culture as remarked by
Meyers in Tyner that 1984 has
"succeeded brilliantly as a political
fable, and continues to reverberate
in our own time. It reveals Orwell's
acut e hist orical sen se, his
imaginative sympathy with t he
millions of people persecuted and
murdered in the name of absolutist
ideologies" (129). As Sedgwick argues
that the misrepresentation of homo-
het erosex ual bin aries remain s
unchangeable because of a writer's
in correct
descri pt ion .
On e
'sperspect ives could be shaped
through writers' perspectives as
writers-Orwell is no exception-are
designers; they design new costumes
made of rhetorical tropesto put
readers' beliefs and perspectives
wear new costumes, forcefully in
this case.
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