Genetically Modified Birds
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Fig.5.
Left: House Sparrow hatchling (altricial-naked, blind and helpless on hatching).
Right: Ruffed Grouse hatchling (precocial 3-downy, open-eyed, mobile on hatching, follows
parents and is shown food). Source: [4].
Table 1: Characteristics Of Nestlings (modified from O'Connor, 1984)
TYPE
OF
DEVELOPMENT
DOWN
PRESENT?
EYES
OPEN?
MOBILE?.
FEED.
SELVES?
PARENTS
ABSENT?
EXAMPLES
Precocial 1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Megapodes
Precocial 2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes*
No
Ducks, Plovers
Precocial 3
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes (t)
No
Quail, Turkey, Fowl
Precocial 4
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes/No
No
Grebes, Rails
Semi-precocial
Yes
Yes
Yes/No
No
No
Gulls, Terns
Semi-altricial 1
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Herons, Hawks
Semi-altricial 2
Yes
No
No
No
No
Owls
Altricial
No
No
No
No
No
Passerines
..
. t = Precocial 3 are shown food.
.....*= Precocial 2 follow parents but find own food.
These different modes of development have evolved because, they are tied into two important aspects
of the bird's environment namely: food availability and predation pressure. Precociality puts a premium on the
ability of females to obtain abundant resources before laying. They must produce energy-rich eggs to support
the greater in-egg development of the chicks (eggs of precocial birds may contain almost twice the calories per
unit weight as those of altricial birds). Females of altricial species do not have such large nutritional demands
before egg laying, but must be able (with their mates) to find sufficient food to rush their helpless young through
to fledging. While the young are in the nest, the entire brood is extremely vulnerable to predation and is
dependent on concealment of the nest and parental defence for survival. In contrast, precocial young, having left
the nest, have some ability to avoid predation, and there is a much smaller chance of the entire brood (as
opposed to single chicks) being devoured. Interestingly, there seems to be an evolutionary trade-off in bird brain
sizes related to the degree of precocity.
Precocial species have relatively large brains at hatching-as one might expect since the young, to one
degree or another, must be able to fend for themselves. But precocial species trade for this advantage an adult
brain that is small in relation to their body size. Altricial young, in contrast, are born small-brained, but on the
pro-tern-rich diet provided by the adults (and with their highly efficient digestive tracts) postnatal brain growth
is great, and the adults have proportionally larger brains than precocial species.
Parrots have evolved their way into the best of both worlds. They are altricial, but the female invests in
a nutrient-rich egg just like females of precocial species. Parrots are among the most intelligent of birds.
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