Genetically Modified Birds
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destruction by bacteriophages. This DNA cleaving enzyme was isolated from
Escherichia coli and called
endonuclease. This enzyme cuts viral DNA but not the host DNA because, it first modifies the bacterial DNA
by adding a methyl groups to it. By a mechanism yet unknown, a restriction enzyme scans a DNA molecule and
stops when it recognises a sequence of four or six nucleotides. The place where the DNA is scissored is called
the recognition site. Each segment will have dangling nucleotides called „‟sticky ends‟‟,
resulting from
restriction enzyme‟s activity. Because the single stranded ends are complementary, they can pair with each other
or with any other DNA fragment that has complementary sticky ends. This makes
restriction enzymes the
invaluable tools of genetic engineering. The sources of the DNA are immaterial so long as the sticky ends of the
DNA fragments are complementary. DNA Ligases are then used to form a permanent link between the ends of
the DNA molecules.
2.
Selecting The Vector: vectors are the biological vehicles used to transport DNA into host cells. The
following are the expected features of a vector:
(a) Must be capable of passing through the cell wall of the host. To do this, it must be small in size, i.e. less
than 10 kilo bases (10kb).
(b) Must be capable of self replication. To do this the vector should have an origin of replication.
(c) The vector should have just one site where the restriction enzyme will function. Otherwise, the enzyme will
scissor the vector at multiple sites.
(d) The vector should have an identifying marker gene for locating it in cells e.g. Antibiotic resistance.
(e) Adaptability of vector to host cell: The gene-altered vector should not place physiological burden on host
cells and causing them to die off in culture. Some examples of vectors are: Plasmids, Bacteri phages e.g. T2
Phage and Lambda Phage and viruse e.g. Retroviruses.
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