Guide to English grammar
Have I/you/we/they opened
| Have I/you/we/they opened?
Has he/she/it opened? |
|
Past simple past form Someone opened Someone did not open Did someone open? |
Some participles and past forms are irregular, e.g. seen, bought. • 300
The perfect auxiliary is always “have”.
In past simple questions and negatives we use did and the base form of the verb.
NOT It did not opened and NOT Did it opened?
NOTE
There are some spelling rules for the ed-form.
Adding d after e: dose closed • 291 (1)
Doubling of some consonants: stop stopped • 293
Y changing to i: hurry hurried • 294
For pronunciation of the ed ending, •291(2).
2 Use of the present perfect
The present perfect tells us about the past and about the present. We use it for an action in the period leading up to the present.
The shop has just opened.
The visitors have arrived.
The post hasn't come yet.
Have you ever ridden a horse?
The visitors have arrived means that the visitors are here now.
We can also use the present perfect for repeated actions.
Debbie has been to Scotland twice.
I've ridden lots of times.
We've often talked about emigrating.
A practical guide to English grammar 71
We can also use the present perfect for states.
I've had these skis for years. The shop has been open a week.
I've always known about you and Diana.
Some typical time expressions with the present perfect are “just, recently, lately, already, before, so far, still, ever/never, today, this morning/evening, for weeks/years, since 1988”. Some of these are also used with the past simple. • (5)
For been to and gone to, • 84(6).
1 We use the past simple for an action in the past.
The shop opened last week.
I bought some gloves yesterday.
The earthquake happened in 1905.
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