Guide to
Referencing
What are the steps involved in referencing?
Note the full bibliographic details of your source
Insert the reference appropriately into the body of your work
Create a bibliography at the end of your work
When thinking about referencing it is useful to think of a book reference as a basic model
that can be adapted to fit other sources. What then are the minimum bibliographic
details required to reference a book?
Title
Author(s) or editor(s)
Publisher
Date and place of publication
Edition number if relevant
What do references look like?
(Shown in the Harvard style)
A Book reference
Melzack, R. and Wall, P.D. (eds) (1999). Textbook of pain. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill
Livingstone.
A Book Chapter
Fitzgerald, M. (1999). Developmental neurobiology of pain. In: Melzack, R. and Wall,
P.D. (eds).
Textbook of pain. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 235-251.
Journal article
Goss, C.H., Rubenfeld, G.D., Ramsey, B.W. et al (2006). Clinical trial participants compared
with non-participants in cystic fibrosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care
medicine, 173 (1): 98-104.
E-journal article
Goss, C.H., Rubenfeld, G.D., Ramsey, B.W. et al (2006). Clinical trial participants compared
with non-participants in cystic fibrosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care
medicine [online], 173 (1): 98-104. Available: URL
http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/reprint/173/1/98 [Accessed 13/10/09].
Web page
El-Baba, M.F., Bassali, R.W., Benjamin, J. et al (2009). Failure to Thrive. emedicine.
Available: URL http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985007-overview [Accessed
13/10/09].
For electronic resources always remember to include the URL and the date
accessed. If you cannot find a named author you should enter an
institutional
author instead.
Referencing Styles
These are used to ensure consistency when inserting a citation within your work and when
creating a bibliography at the end of your work. The two most common referencing styles
used in scientific work are the Harvard system or the Vancouver system. The main
features of these are:
Harvard
Vancouver
Main features
Author and date in brackets within
the body of the text.
Alphabetical bibliography at the
end of the text.
Number inserted in the body of the
text. (Using brackets or superscript)
Bibliography in Numerical order at
the end of the text.
Appearance of
citation in text
The metabolism of thermophilic
bacteria has been reviewed by
Ljungdahl (1979).
OR
The metabolism of thermophilic
bacteria has been reviewed
(Ljungdahl, 1979).
If citing a specific page:
(Ljungdahl, 1979, p.62).
The metabolism of thermophilic
bacteria has been reviewed by
Ljungdahl (1).
OR
The metabolism of thermophilic
bacteria has already been
reviewed.
1
If citing a specific page (1, p.62) OR
1(p.62)
Bibliographies constructed using these styles have distinct appearances:
Bibliography
Harvard
Gould, G.W., & Corry, J.C.L. (1980).
Microbial Growth and Survival in
Extremes of Environment. London: Academic Press.
Herbert, R.A., & Codd, G.A. (1986).
Microbes in Extreme Environments.
London: Academic Press.
Ljungdahl, L.G. (1979). Physiology of thermophilic bacteria. Adv Microb
Physiol, 19 (2), 149-243.
Vancouver
1. Ljungdahl LG. Physiology of thermophilic bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol,
1979;19(2)
:149-243.
2. Gould GW. & Corry JCL. Microbial Growth and Survival in Extremes of
Environment. London: Academic Press; 1980.
3. Herbert RA. & Codd GA. Microbes in Extreme Environments. London:
Academic Press; 1986.
Further assistance
If you’d like more help with referencing library staff will be happy to help
or you could attend
one of our drop-in sessions - Wednesdays 2 pm to 4 pm (Whitechapel Library) and monthly
Thursdays (West Smithfield). See also
http://www.library.qmul.ac.uk/referencing