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Task 5. Learn the new vocabulary by heart
English
Uzbek
Russian
message
xabar
сообщение
email header
elektron xat sarlavhasi
заголовок
электронного письма
sender
yuboruvchi
отправитель
receiver/recipient
oluvchi
получатель
instant messaging
tezkor xabar
almashish
мгновенное
сообщение
sub divisions
sarlavhalar
под заголовки
email address
elektron addres
электронный адрес
reply
javob bermoq
ответить
attach
Ilova qilmoq
прикрепить
SPREADSHEET AND FORMULAE
Task 1. Read and translate the given text orally.
A spreadsheet is a computer
application for computation, organization,
analysis and storage of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets were developed as
computerized analogs of paper accounting worksheets. The program operates on
data entered in cells of a table. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data,
or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based
on the contents of other cells.
The term spreadsheet may also refer to one such
electronic document.
Spreadsheet users can adjust any stored value and observe the effects on
calculated values. This makes the spreadsheet useful for "what-if" analysis since
many cases can be rapidly investigated without manual recalculation.
Modern
spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets and can display data
either as text and numerals or in graphical form.
Besides performing basic arithmetic and mathematical functions,
modern
spreadsheets provide built-in functions for common financial accountancy and
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statistical operations. Such calculations as net present value or standard
deviation can be applied to tabular data with a pre-programmed
function in a
formula. Spreadsheet programs also provide conditional expressions, functions to
convert between text and numbers, and functions that operate on strings of text.
In modern spreadsheet applications, several spreadsheets, often known
as
worksheets or simply
sheets, are
gathered together to form a workbook. A
workbook is physically represented by a file containing all the data for the book,
the sheets, and the cells with the sheets. Worksheets are normally represented by
tabs that flip between pages, each one containing one of the sheets,
although Numbers changes this model significantly. Cells
in a multi-sheet book
add the sheet name to their reference, for instance. Some systems extend this
syntax to allow cell references to different workbooks.
Spreadsheets share many principles
and traits of databases, but
spreadsheets and databases are not the same things. A spreadsheet is essentially
just one table, whereas a database is a collection of many tables with machine-
readable semantic relationships. While it is true that
a workbook that contains
three sheets is indeed a file containing multiple tables that can interact with each
other, it lacks the relational structure of a database. Spreadsheets and databases
are interoperable sheets can be imported into databases to become tables within
them, and database queries can be exported into spreadsheets for further analysis.
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