IELTS Mock Test 2023 July
Reading Practice Test 3
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READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13
Questions 1-13 , which are based on Reading Passage
1 below.
page 1
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and the Caribbean. They are famous for their bright colours, toxic bodies and complex mimetic
relationships. “They can comprise up to 85 per cent of the individuals in a mimicry ring and their
patterns are mimicked not just by butterflies, but by other insects as diverse as damselflies and
true bugs,” says Philip DeVries of the Milwaukee Public Museum’s Center for Biodiversity
Studies.
D
Even though all ithomiines are poisonous, it is in their interests to evolve to look like one
another because predators that learn to avoid one species will also avoid others that resemble
it. This is known as Müllerian mimicry. Mimicry rings may also contain insects that are not toxic
but gain protection by looking likes a model species that is: an adaptation called Batesian
mimicry. So strong is an experienced predator’s avoidance response that even quite inept
resemblance gives some protection. “Often there will be a whole series of species that mimic,
with varying degrees of verisimilitude, a focal or model species,” says John Turner from the
University of Leeds. “The results of these deceptions are some of the most exquisite examples
of evolution known to science.” In addition to colour, many mimics copy behaviours and even
the flight pattern of their model species.
E
But why are there so many different mimicry rings? One idea is that species flying at the same
height in the forest canopy evolve to look like one another. “It had been suggested since the
1970s that mimicry complexes were stratified by flight height,” says DeVries. The idea is that
wing colour patterns are camouflaged against the different patterns of light and shadow at
each level in the canopy, providing the first line of defence against predators.” But the light
patterns and wing patterns don’t match very well,” he says. And observations show that the
insects do not shift in height as the day progresses and the light patterns change. Worse still,
according to DeVries, this theory doesn’t explain why the model species is flying at that
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