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Welcome to Mr Aslanov’s Lessons 
QUESTION-TYPE BASED TESTS 
FunEnglishwithme [phone] 
TEST 2 – Storytelling
Match each statement with the correct person. 
 
List of People 
A.
Hernadi
B.
Mink
C.
Plotkin
D.
Mithen 
E.
Edelman
F.
Holyoak and Thagard
G.
Carruthers
H.
Albertus 
1.
Early European storytelling came about because of a traditional form of 
memorising… 
2.
Cognitive fluidity allowed early humans to make and change 
arrangements 
3.
Telling stories allows us to relate to our surroundings 
4.
The brain changes our recollections of past events to match our current 
circumstances 
5.
Telling stories is a trait which is common to all nations 
6.
Early humans became more inventive when they were able to make a 
connection between different ideas 
7.
Your memory of something will be improved if you visualise it rather 
than just listen to it 
8.
Humans adjust to their surroundings as well as changing them 
Dr Tom Sjoblom, University of Helsinki, explores the link between narratives and memories 
Storytelling seems to be a fundamental feature of human existence. In a recent article, Paul Hernadi points 
out that storytelling and narratives are such widespread phenomenon that they could justifiably be included 
in a list of human universities (Hernadi, 2001). But our craving for narratives or stories, goes deeper than 
this. It is embedded in our mental images of whatever happens around us (Boyer, 2001). In other words, 
creating narratives is our way of connecting and interacting with our environment (Mink, 1978). 
As a species, we humans appear to have a much more active attitude towards our environment than 
any other species. Our bodies and minds not only adapt to the surrounding world, but we actually shape and 
construct our environment to better suit our needs (Plotkin,1983). From this perspective, culture is nothing 
more than an environment that we create ourselves. Culture is not something in opposition to nature. Instead 
it is a part of it; It is - in a way – nature modified to better suit the requirements of the human life form. 
Thus, culture and all aspects of it are basically products of natural selection and, more specifically, the 
evolution of the human mind (Boyer, 2001). 
Between 60,000 and 20,000 years ago the first sign of art and religion appeared and humans started to 
build houses and invent more sophisticated tools and weapons, such as bows and arrows. This period has 
been called the ‘big bang’ of human culture. There is still much controversy on how to explain this period of 
innovation, but a growing consensus connects the greater cultural energy and innovation of the period to the 
emergence of individuals as creative beings (Mellars,1994) 
The archaeologist Steven Miller has suggested that this creativity can be explained by the emergence 
of a ‘cognitively fluid’ mentality. In other words, the ability to link together information from different areas 
of our life. Cognitive fluidity makes it possible for human beings to emerge from the concrete situational 
present and to adopt a more general and abstract approach (Mithen, 1996). As Gerald Eldeman puts it, ‘With 
that ability come the abilities to model the world, to make explicit comparisons and to weigh outcomes; 
through such comparisons comes the ability of reorganising plans.’(Eldeman,1992) Eldeman goes further 
than this and argues that it is the flexibility of our memory system which is the key to understanding how 
cognitive fluidity affects our ability to learn new things in general (Eldeman, 1992). The basic idea here is 
that our memory does not really represent the past as it happened. In most of the cases, it does not even 
represent it as it is stored and coded into our brains. Instead, our memory prefers creating the past from the 
perspective of how relevant it is to our present situation. Striving for this kind of coherence, our mind 
combines stored representations and blends information stored in them (Holyoak and Thagard, 1995). Thus, 
all things being equal, we do not remember the past, we create it. The medieval art of memory, known as 
memoria, has interested historians for a long time, but seldom from a psychological or cognitive perspective. 

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