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D.
A tornado itself is not necessarily visible; though the intense low pressure it causes often results in 
condensation of water vapour which forms into a noticeable condensation funnel. Colours of tornados are 
also dictated by the environment in which they form. The force of the swirling air causes them to pick up 
dirt as they travel across the landscape; those with minimal debris remaining grey or white turning darker 
blue the more they collect, while others in areas such the Great Plains in the USA turn red in colour due to 
the red soil they collect and carry with them. Background lighting in which a tornado presents itself also 
affects the naked eye’s ability to identify its form as it appears on the horizon. When viewing a tornado with 
the sun behind it, it will appear to be dark in colour; however, when viewed without the sun in the 
background, the same tornado appears to be grey or white. On the rare occasions that tornados occur after 
dark, they pose an increased level of danger as darkness can make them invisible and only radar warnings or 
possibly sound can warn those in their path that a tornado is on its way. 
 
E.
Tornados are classified into three levels of intensity; these being weak, strong and violent. 88% of 
tornados occurring in the USA are classified into the first category making them the most common; they 
account for less than 5% of fatalities resulting from tornado activity, generally reach wind speeds of less 
than 177kms/hour and have a duration of between 1 and 10 minutes before cessation. In contrast, ‘violent’ 
tornados exceed 330 kilometres per hour, can continue for over an hour and while they account for only 1% 

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of incidence of tornados they result in approximately 70% of resultant deaths. The greatest devastation to 
date, inflicted on the USA by a violent tornado was on March 18th, 1925. The tornado was the longest, 
fastest and widest tornado known to have formed in North America and resulted in 695 deaths, an additional 
2279 being injured. Now known as the Tri-state Tornado, it travelled over 350 kilometres affecting 13 
counties in the three different states of Missouri, Illinois and Indiana. Around 11% of tornados are classified 
as ‘strong’ tornados. These tornados account for slightly more than 25% of tornado-related fatal accidents 
and reach mid-range speeds of between 177 and 330 kilometres per hour with an average duration of around 
20 minutes.