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QUESTION-TYPE BASED TESTS 
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SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS
 
Mini warm-up practice test – Short-answer Questions 
The 2003 Heatwave 
 
It was the summer, scientists now realise, when global warming at last made
 
itself unmistakably felt. 
We knew that summer 2003 was remarkable: Britain
 
experienced its record high temperature and 
continental Europe saw forest
 
fires raging out of control, great rivers drying to a trickle and thousands of
 
heat-related deaths. But just how remarkable is only now becoming clear. 
The three months of June, July and August were the warmest ever recorded in western and central 
Europe, with record national highs in Portugal, Germany and Switzerland as well as in Britain. And they 
were the warmest by a very long way. Over a great rectangular block of the earth stretching from west of 
Paris to northern Italy, taking in Switzerland and southern Germany, the average temperature for the 
summer months was 3.78°C above the long-term norm, said the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the 
University of East Anglia in Norwich, which is one of the world's leading institutions for the monitoring and 
analysis of temperature records. 
That excess might not seem a lot until you are aware of the context - but then you realise it is 
enormous. There is nothing like this in previous data, anywhere. It is considered so exceptional that 
Professor Phil Jones, the CRU's director, is prepared to say openly - in a way few scientists have done before 
that the 2003 extreme may be directly attributed, not to natural climate variability, but to global warming 
caused by human actions. 
Meteorologists have hitherto contented themselves with the formula that recent high temperatures are 
“consistent with predictions” of climate change. For the great block of the map - that stretching between 35-
50N and 0-20E - the CRU has reliable temperature records dating back to 1781. Using as a baseline the 
average summer temperature recorded between 1961 and 1990, departures from the temperature norm, or 
“anomalies”, over the area as a whole can easily be plotted. As the graph shows, such is the variability of 
our climate that over the past 200 years, there have been at least half a dozen anomalies, in terms of excess 
temperature - the peaks on the graph denoting very hot years - approaching, or even exceeding, 2°C. But 
there has been nothing remotely like 2003, when the anomaly is nearly four degrees. 
“This is quite remarkable,’ Professor Jones told The Independent. “It’s very unusual in a statistical 
sense. If this series had a normal statistical distribution, you wouldn’t get this number. The return period 
[how often it could be expected to recur] would be something like one in a thousand years. If we look 
at an excess above the average of nearly four degrees, then perhaps nearly three degrees of that is natural 
variability, because we’ve seen that in past summers. But the final degree of it is likely to be due to global 
warming, caused by human actions.” 
The summer of 2003 has, in a sense, been one that climate scientists have long been expecting. Until 
now, the warming has been manifesting itself mainly in winters that have been less cold than in summers 
that have been much hotter. Last week, the United Nations predicted that winters were warming so quickly 
that winter sports would die out in Europe’s lower-level ski resorts. But sooner or later, the unprecedented 
hot summer was bound to come, and this year it did. 
One of the most dramatic features of the summer was the hot nights, especially in the first half of 
August. In Paris, the temperature never dropped below 23°C (73.4°F) at all between 7 and 14 August, and 
the city recorded its warmest-ever night on 11-12 August, when the mercury did not drop below 25.5°C 
(77.9°F). Germany recorded its warmest-ever night at Weinbiet in the Rhine Valley with a lowest figure of 
27.6°C (80.6°F) on 13 August, and similar record-breaking nighttime temperatures were recorded in 
Switzerland and Italy. 

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