Ielts reading question-type based tests true false not given matching headings

TEST 1 - 
Music: Language We All Speak 
The passage has seven paragraphs 
A-E
. 
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. 
List of headings 
i 
Communication in music with animals 
ii 
New discoveries on animal music 
iii 
Music and language contrasted 
iv 
Current research on music 
v 
Music is beneficial for infants. 
vi 
Music transcends cultures. 
vii 
Look back at some of the historical theories 
viii 
Are we genetically designed for music? 
 
Section A 
Music is one of the human species' relatively few universal abilities. Without formal training, any 
individual, from Stone Age tribesman to suburban teenager, has the ability to recognise music and, in some 
fashion, to make it. Why this should be so is a mystery. After all, music isn't necessary for getting 
through the day, and if it aids in reproduction, it does so only in highly indirect ways. Language, by contrast, 
is also everywhere - but for reasons that are more obvious. With language, you and the members of your 
tribe can organize a migration across Africa, build reed boats and cross the seas, and communicate at night 
even when you can't see each other. Modern culture, in all its technological extravagance, springs directly 
from the human talent for manipulating symbols and syntax. Scientists have always been intrigued by the 
connection between music and language. Yet over the years, words and melody have acquired a vastly 
different status in the lab and the seminar room. While language has long been considered essential to 
unlocking the mechanisms of human intelligence, music is generally treated as an evolutionary frippery - 
mere "auditory cheesecake", as the Harvard cognitive scientist Steven Pinker puts it. 
Section B 
But thanks to a decade-long wave of neuroscience research, that tune is changing. A flurry of recent 
publications suggests that language and music may equally be able to tell us who we are and where we're 
from - not just emotionally, but biologically. In July, the journal Nature Neuroscience devoted a special 
issue to the topic. And in an article in the 6 August issue of the Journal of Neuroscience, David Schwartz, 
Catherine Howe, and Dale Purves of Duke University argued that the sounds of music and the sounds of 
language are intricately connected. To grasp the originality of this idea, it's necessary to realise two things 
about how music has traditionally been understood. First, musicologists have long emphasised that while 
each culture stamps a special identity onto its music, music itself has some universal qualities. For example, 
in virtually all cultures, sound is divided into some or all of the 12 intervals that make up the chromatic scale 
-that is, the scale represented by the keys on a piano. For centuries, observers have attributed this preference 
for certain combinations of tones to the mathematical properties of sound itself. Some 2,500 years ago, 
Pythagoras was the first to note a direct relationship between the harmoniousness of a tone combination and 
the physical dimensions of the object that produced it. For example, a plucked string will always play an 
octave lower than a similar string half its size, and a fifth lower than a similar string two thirds its length. 
This link between simple ratios and harmony has influenced music theory ever since.