Ielts reading question-type based tests true false not given matching headings

 
 

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Welcome to Mr Aslanov’s Lessons 
QUESTION-TYPE BASED TESTS 
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D. 
Masters stresses that climate will never be the overriding factor - the wealth of nations is too complicated 
to be attributable to just one factor. Climate, he feels, somehow combines with other factors such as the 
presence of institutions, including governments, and access to trading routes to determine whether a country 
will do well. Traditionally, Masters says, economists thought that institutions had the biggest effect on the 
economy, because they brought order to a country in the form of, for example, laws and property rights. 
With order, so the thinking went, came affluence. “But there are some problems that even countries with 
institutions have not been able to get around,” he says. “My feeling is that, as countries get richer, they get 
better institutions. And the accumulation of wealth and improvement in governing institutions are both 
helped by a favourable environment, including climate.” 
 
E. 
This does not mean, he insists, that tropical countries are beyond economic help and destined to remain 
penniless. Instead, richer countries should change the way in which foreign aid is given. Instead of aid being 
geared towards improving governance, it should be spent on technology to improve agriculture and to 
combat disease. Masters cites one example: “There are regions in India that have been provided with 
irrigation, agricultural productivity has gone up and there has been an improvement in health.” Supplying 
vaccines against tropical diseases and developing crop varieties that can grow in the tropics would break the 
poverty cycle. 
 
F. 
Other minds have applied themselves to the split between poor and rich nations, citing anthropological, 
climatic and zoological reasons for why temperate nations are the most affluent. In 350 BC, Aristotle 
observed that “those who live in a cold climate...are full of spirit”. Jared Diamond, from the University of 
California at Los Angeles, pointed out in his book Guns, Germs and Steel that Eurasia is broadly aligned 
east-west, while Africa and the Americas are aligned north-south. So, in Europe, crops can spread quickly 
across latitudes because climates are similar. One of the first domesticated crops, einkorn wheat, spread 
quickly from the Middle East into Europe; it took twice as long for corn to spread from Mexico to what is 
now the eastern United States. This easy movement along similar latitudes in Eurasia would also have 
meant a faster dissemination of other technologies such as the wheel and writing, Diamond speculates. The 
region also boasted domesticated livestock, which could provide meat, wool and motive power in the fields. 
Blessed with such natural advantages, Eurasia was bound to take off economically.