Ielts reading question-type based tests true false not given matching headings

Welcome to Mr Aslanov’s Lessons 
QUESTION-TYPE BASED TESTS 
FunEnglishwithme [phone] 
such basic concepts as gravity, solidity and contiguity. In one such experiment, by University of Illinois 
psychologist Renee Baillargeon, a hinged wooden panel appeared to pass right through a box. Baillargeon 
and M.I.T’s Elizabeth Spelke found that babies as young as 3 1/2 months would reliably look longer at the 
impossible event than at the normal one. Their conclusion: babies have enough built-in knowledge to 
recognise that something is wrong.
Sirois does not take issue with the way these experiments were conducted. “The methods are correct 
and replicable,” he says, “it’s the interpretation that’s the problem.” In a critical review to be published in 
the forthcoming issue of the European Journal of Developmental Psychology, he and Jackson pour cold 
water over recent experiments that claim to have observed innate or precocious social cognition skills in 
infants. His own experiments indicate that a baby’s fascination with physically impossible events merely 
reflects a response to stimuli that are novel. Data from the eye tracker and the measurement of the pupils 
(which widen in response to arousal or interest) show that impossible events involving familiar objects are 
no more interesting than possible events involving novel objects. In other words, when Daniel had seen the 
red train come out of the tunnel green a few times, he gets as bored as when it stays the same color. The 
mistake of previous research, says Sirois, has been to leap to the conclusion that infants can understand the 
concept of impossibility from the mere fact that they are able to perceive some novelty in it. “The real 
explanation is boring,” he says.
So how do babies bridge the gap between knowing squat and drawing triangles a task Daniel’s sister 
Lois, 2 1/2, is happily tackling as she waits for her brother? “Babies have to learn everything, but as Piaget 
was saying, they start with a few primitive reflexes that get things going,” said Sirois. For example, 
hardwired in the brain is an instinct that draws a baby’s eyes to a human face. From brain imaging studies 
we also know that the brain has some sort of visual buffer that continues to represent objects after they have 
been removed a lingering perception rather than conceptual understanding. So when babies encounter novel 
or unexpected events, Sirois explains, “there’s a mismatch between the buffer and the information they’re 
getting at that moment. And what you do when you’ve got a mismatch is you try to clear the buffer. And 
that takes attention.” So learning, says Sirois, is essentially the laborious business of resolving mismatches. 
“The thing is, you can do a lot of it with this wet sticky thing called a brain. It’s a fantastic, statistical-
learning machine”. Daniel, exams ended, picks up a plastic tiger and, chewing thoughtfully upon its heat, 
smiles as if to agree.