Ielts reading recent actual tests (2016 2017) with answers published by ieltsmaterial com

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societies, and further research on their production and use make an important 
contribution to our understanding of past attitudes to technology and technological 
change. 
G 
Boats needed landing places, yet here again our knowledge is very patchy In many 
cases the natural shores and beaches would have sufficed, leaving little or no 
archaeological trace, but especially in later periods, many ports and harbors, as welJ as 
smaller facili- ties such as quays, wharves, and jetties, were built. Despite a growth of 
interest in the waterfront archaeology of some of our more important Roman and medieval 
towns, very little attention has been paid to the multitude of smaller landing places. 
Redevelopment of harbor sites and other development and natural pressures along the 
coast are subject- ing these important locations to unprecedented threats, yet few surveys 
of such sites have been undertaken. 
H 
One of the most important revelations of recent research has been the extent 
ofindustrial activity along the coast. Fishing and salt production are among the better 
documented activities, but even here our knowledge is patchy Many forms of fishing will 
eave little archaeological trace, and one of the surprises of recent survey has been the 
extent of past investment in facilities for procuring fish and shellfish. Elaborate wooden 
fish weirs, often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography in shallow 
water, have been identified in areas such as Essex and the Severn estuary. The 
production of salt, especially in the late Iron Age and early Roman periods, has been 
recognized for some time, especially in the Thames estuary and around the Solent and 
Poole Harbor, but the reasons for the decline of that industry and the nature of later 
coastal salt working are much less well understood. Other industries were also located 
along the coast, either because the raw materials outcropped there or for ease of working 
and transport: mineral resources such as sand, gravel, stone, coal, ironstone, and alum 
were all exploited. These industries are poorly documented, but their mains are 
sometimes extensive and striking. 
I 
Some appreciation of the variety and importance of the archaeological remains 
preserved in the coastal zone, albeit only in preliminary form, can thus be gained from 

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