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reproducing crops have always had a much broader genetic base, and the genes will
recombine in new arrangements in each generation. This gives them much greater
flexibility in evolving responses to disease - and far more genetic resources to draw on in
the face of an attack. But that advantage is fading fast, as growers increasingly plant the
same few, high-yielding varieties. Plant breeders work feverishly to maintain resistance
in these standardized crops. Should these efforts falter, yields of even the most productive
crop could swiftly crash. "When some pest or disease comes along, severe epidemics
can occur
,
" says Geoff Hawtin, director of the Rome-based International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute.
D The banana is an excellent case in point. Until the 1950s
,
one variety, the Gros Michel,
dominated the world’s commercial banana business. Found by French botanists in Asian
the 1820s
,
the Gros Michel was by all accounts a fine banana, richer and sweeter than
today's standard banana and without the latter/s bitter aftertaste when green. But it was
vulnerable to a soil fungus that produced a wilt known as Panama disease. "Once the
fungus gets into the soil it remains there for many years. There is nothing farmers can do.
Even chemical spraying won’t get rid of it
,
" says Rodomiro Ortiz, director of the Inter-
national Institute for Tropical Agriculture in Ibadan, Nigeria. So plantation owners played
a running game, abandoning infested fields and moving so "clean” land _ until they ran
out of clean land in the 1950s and had to abandon the Gros Michel. Its successor, and
still the reigning commercial king, is the Cavendish banana, a 19th-century British
discovery from southern China. The Cavendish is resistant to Panama disease and, as a
result, it literally saved the international banana industry. During the 1960s
,
it replaced
the Gros Michel on supermarket shelves. If you buy a banana today, it is almost certainly
a Cavendish. But even so, it is a minority in the world's banana crop.
E Half a billion people in Asia and Africa depend on bananas. Bananas provide the largest
source of calories and are eaten daily. Its name is synonymous with food. But the day of
reckoning may be coming for the Cavendish and its indigenous kin. Another fungal
disease, black Sigatoka, has become a global epidemic since its first appearance in Fiji
in 1963. Left to itself, black Sigatoka which causes brown wounds on leaves and pre-