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E This does not mean, he insists, that tropical countries are beyond economic help and
destined to remain penniless. Instead, richer countries should change the way in which
foreign aid is given. Instead of aid being geared towards improving governance, it should
be spent on technology to improve agriculture and to combat disease. Masters cites one
example: "There are regions in India that have been provided with irrigation
— agricultural
productivity has gone up and there has been an improvement in health." Supplying
vaccines against tropical diseases and developing crop varieties that can grow in the
tropics would break the poverty cycle.
F Other minds have applied themselves to the split between poor and rich nations, citing
anthropological, climatic and zoological reasons for why temperate nations are the most
affluent. In 350BC, Aristotle observed that "those who live in a cold climate . . . are full of
spirit". Jared Diamond, from the University of California at Los Angeles, pointed out in his
book Guns, Germs and Steel that Eurasia is broadly aligned east-west, while Africa and
the Americas are aligned north-south. So, in Europe, crops can spread quickly across
latitudes because climates are similar. One of the first domesticated crops, einkorn wheat,
spread quickly from the Middle East into Europe; it took twice as long for corn to spread
from Mexico to what is now the eastern United States. This easy movement along similar
latitudes in Eurasia would also have meant a faster dissemination of other technologies
such as the wheel and writing, Diamond speculates. The region also boasted
domesticated livestock, which could provide meat, wool and motive power in the fields.
Blessed with such natural advantages, Eurasia was bound to take off economically.
G John Gallup and Jeffrey Sachs, two US economists, have also pointed out striking
correlations between the geographical location of countries and their wealth. They note
that tropical countries between 23.45 degrees north and south of the equator are nearly
all poor. In an article for the Harvard International Review, they concluded that
"development surely seems to favour the temperate-zone economies, especially those in
the northern hemisphere, and those that have managed to avoid both socialism and the
ravages of war". But Masters cautions against geographical determinism, the idea that
tropical countries are beyond hope: "Human health and agriculture can be made better