Keywords:
variety, agricultural technologies, irrigation, fertilizers, plant protection.
According to FAO, the world's population will
reach 8 billion by 2024, and by 2050 it will exceed 9
billion, according to the most conservative estimates. In
such conditions, providing the population with food is
of primary importance and is determined by the stabil-
ity of agricultural production, including crop produc-
tion. Given the high export orientation, the Omsk re-
gion will take a significant place in these global pro-
cesses.
The efficiency of crop production is determined by
many factors. Some of them are adjustable, some are
not. The main thing is the supply of heat and moisture
during the growing season, which is characterized by
the hydrothermal coefficient. Over the past 40 years,
this indicator in the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk
region varied within significant limits - from 0.48 to
1.78, not to mention the uneven supply of heat and
moisture during the growing season (Pic. 1).
Pic.1. Characteristics of heat and moisture supply of growing seasons in the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk
region (according to the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Omsk ASC")
0,86
0,71
1,30
0,45
1,09
0,86
1,59
0,74
1,13
0,48
0,87
1,33
0,74
1,03
1,74
0,76
1,48
0,55
0,89
0,52
1,02
0,68
0,70
1,31
0,99
0,60
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
1,60
1,80
2,00
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2020
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German International Journal of Modern Science №16, 2021
In such conditions, irrigation is a reserve for stabi-
lizing agricultural production not only in our region,
but also in the Russian Federation. However, at present,
irrigation is used insignificantly, despite the presence
of fresh water sources, as well as the preserved hydrau-
lic infrastructure, albeit requiring modernization [1, 2].
In world practice, irrigation is one of the main land rec-
lamation methods for increasing the natural potential of
agricultural lands and increasing soil fertility.
The range of cultivated crops in our region is ex-
tensive. It should be noted that an underestimated crop
is winter wheat, which is superior in productivity to
spring wheat and allows to reduce the load on technical
means during the sowing and harvesting campaigns [3].
Agricultural producers in our region are fully pro-
vided with varieties of the main crops. Scientists of sci-
entific institutions and universities create adaptive va-
rieties adapted to the specific conditions of the region,
including with the help of modern methods of marker
selection [4].
It is possible to reveal the high genetic potential of
such varieties only by optimizing the growing condi-
tions. The Russian Federation is one of the world lead-
ers in the production of mineral fertilizers, however,
unlike China, it exports most of it to other countries
(Pic. 2). In the Omsk region, the volume of applied fer-
tilizers increases every year, but also remains insuffi-
cient - 10 kg of ae. per hectare of arable land. Mineral
and organic fertilizers are effective on any crops and
soils, including when using foliar dressings with vari-
ous macro-, microelements and organic acids in addi-
tion to the main application [5-8].
Pic.2. Production of mineral fertilizers in the Russian Federation in 2019 (According to Federal State Statistics
Service, Research Institute of Technical and Economic Research in the Chemical Complex)
In the future, an increase in the efficiency of the
use of fertilizers in precision farming systems will oc-
cur due to the identification of soil heterogeneity. These
methods continue to be improved due to various indi-
ces, modern software components, which must be com-
bined with field research, tied to specific soil and cli-
matic conditions and crops [9, 10]. Such technologies
are increasingly being used in practical agriculture.
However, the optimization of the conditions of
mineral nutrition loses its relevance with a negligent at-
titude towards protective measures. The use of herbi-
cides in the Omsk region occurs practically over the en-
tire cultivated area (table 1).
Table 1
The use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture in the Omsk region, 1995-2020 (according to the Federal
State Budgetary Institution "Russian Agricultural Center")
Year
Phytomonitoring (inspect),
thousand ha
Processed, thousand ha
herbicides
fungicides
insecticides
2015
3527
2005
135
148
2016
3732
2137
133
282
2017
3800
2502
565
402
2018
3603
2279
564
559
2019
3531
2382
496
620
2020
3650
1842
360
456
German International Journal of Modern Science №16, 2021
6
The increase in the share of rapeseed in the struc-
ture of arable land use and the spread of various dis-
eases of agricultural crops led to an increase in the use
of insecticides and fungicides in crops. In such condi-
tions, special attention should be paid to the selection
of varieties with complex resistance, as well as to the
use of high-quality chemicals, which allows several
times to reduce the number of treatments and reduce the
pesticide impact on agricultural landscapes.
In organic farming systems, biological prepara-
tions for plant nutrition and protection will be of high
relevance. However, their action is not stable in differ-
ent years in comparison with chemical preparations and
requires further study.
The level of technology development currently
leads to an increase in the use of agrodrones, both in
small farms and in large agricultural holdings in our
country. These technologies are being improved and, in
addition to highly efficient machines, are able to solve
local problems of using pesticides in later growing sea-
sons to reduce mechanical damage to plants.
The presented elements of modern agricultural
technologies are aimed at achieving the tasks presented
in the Development Program of the agro-industrial
complex of the Omsk region, such as increasing the
gross grain harvest to 4 million tons, increasing the ex-
port of highly profitable crops and preserving the fertil-
ity of zonal soils, which are a unique natural heritage
and the main means of agricultural production.
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