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condensation into the atmosphere. This moisture climbs tens of thousands of feet,
forming a huge cumulonimbus cloud. At the base of the cloud, winds blow from different
directions at varying speeds and elevations, and exert forces on the saturated air
inside the cloud until the air begins to spin in a clockwise direction. At the top of the
cloud, cooling moisture turns to ice crystals, and the entire structure—called a supercell
thunderstorm—lets loose with thunder, lightning, torrential rain, and, at times,
hailstones as big as baseballs.
4
Tornadoes are unpredictable in size, shape, and behavior. They can be 300 feet
to two miles wide, spin at 261 to 381 miles per hour, and last for minutes or hours.
Heads of tornadoes can be shaped like pancakes, anvils, or wedges with long, straight or
bent tails that resemble ropes, drill bits, stovepipes, elephant trunks, or cones. They
can be black or white, or take on the color of the soil that whirls up off the ground. They
can occur singly or in deadly sequence. They can turn cars into missiles and other
objects into projectiles. They can injure, maim, and kill. They can wipe an entire town off
the map and cause billions of dollars of damage. In Tornado Alley, tornado season lasts
from early spring to fall, with a brief pause in late spring and early summer.
5
Whereas tornadoes form over land, hurricanes are born over water. From
summer to fall, hurricanes—also called typhoons or tropical cyclones—form when hot
air, often from the Sahara Desert, races over the Atlantic Ocean. As these columns of hot
air spin, they pick up moisture and attract strong winds that bend as the storm travels.
At the center of the rotating storm is the eye, a deceptively calm area of low pressure
that can stretch from two to 200 miles in diameter. Encircling the eye is the eye wall,
the most intense part of the storm. Most hurricanes die at sea, but if sufficiently fueled with moisture and driven by tremendous winds, all hell breaks loose when they hit land.
In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina, the worst Atlantic hurricane on record, roared from
the Bahamas toward Louisiana with winds up to 175 miles per hour and laid waste to
the city of New Orleans. More than 1,800 people were killed, and property damage was
estimated at more than $81 billion.
6
Over the past 20 years, extreme weather has become a media spectacle. In
1992, Senator Al Gore (later vice president of the United States) introduced the concept
of global warming
in Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. Gore’s book
echoed professors, NASA scientists, and meteorological researchers who had already
warned of climate change and predicted more frequent and disastrous hurricanes,